A System Analysis Assessment of Force and Selected Changes

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The United States (US) health care system has undergone significant changes within the past two decades. There have been both external and internal forces driving these changes. First of all, the US health care system is not made up of interrelated components designed to work together cohesively. Instead, the system is complex and lacks standardization, which causes it to be inefficient at times. On the other hand, the health care system is leading the world in the latest medical technology, medical training, and research and development. The primary objective of the US health care system is to provide cost-effective treatment and to provide access to services for all citizens. (Shi & Singh, 001)

The traditional approach to health care has been more of a biomedical view. Treatment focused more on the illness/disease, acute care, inpatient treatment, individual health, and fragmented-type care. However, more expanded views of treatment have evolved and it is forecasted to continue to expand within the next few years. The new broader view of health care includes 1) assessing the disease and the diseased person, ) chronic illness management, ) outpatient care, 4) wellness and prevention, and 5) community well being and managed care. Establishing a cure for a disease is more of the traditional view of treatment. (Shi & Singh, 001) The expanded view focuses not only on obtaining a cure if available, but compromising when needed by lessening the severity of the disease. ("Health & Health Care 010")

Factors Associated With Systems Changes

Reasons for a more expanded view of health care evolves partly due changes in the economic market, demographics of the population, advancement in technology, political climate, and the physical and social environments. Internal forces that have influenced the health reform have been the evolution of the managed care program. Its objective has been to reduce health care costs by exercising more control over health care delivery services within the system. Change, albeit from external or internal sources, has been inevitable and has shaped the health care system into what it is today.

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One of the factors identified as influencing the US health care system has been the change within our population characteristics. These "changes" include more longevity, and increase in the minority populations and the health needs of these individuals. Because the life expectancy of both males and females has increased, the need for long-term care has also increased. Costs associated with long-term care are predicted to continue to rise especially with the growing age of the "baby boomers." (Shi & Singh, 001) The flux of the minority population, namely Hispanics, within the US has also changed the composition and delivery of health care services. The health care needs of the minority population are different partly due to combinations of genetic mutations, environmental elements, and certain health behaviors. Moreover, the need for a cultural diverse health care staff has increased. (US Department of Health and Human Services, 000). To provide quality care, it is imperative for staff to be able to understand and communicate effectively with all patients, including minority groups.

Another factor affecting the change in health care can be attributed to the advancement in technology. Technological advances have provided physicians with the ability to treat more diseases and, thus, prolong life. The availability of medical research through technology, namely computers, has assisted medical workers to increase their knowledge base of effective treatment methods. (Shi & Singh, 001)

Intervention Strategies

Because change is inevitable to deter even with the health care arena, it is imperative that health care managers keep themselves a breasted to these changes and adjust accordingly. An intervention strategy that I would use with regard to the growing minority population is to focus on obtaining a culturally diverse medical staff. A diverse staff would be beneficial for both the patients as well as the profitability of the facility. This strategy would provide a "win-win" situation for all involved. The needs of the patients will be bettered cared for with effective communication. In turn, the diverse staff would be an attractive asset for the facility, thus, expanding clientele and increasing profitability. Another intervention strategy I would use to deal with the changes in the health care system is to allow employees to attend training opportunities. It is imperative that health care employees engage in continuing education to be able to provide more efficient and qualitative care to all patients. Having "up-to-date" knowledge and advanced technological equipment (within reason) is important for a business.

I believe it is important to allow staff members the opportunity to continue their education to learn more effective and efficient ways to provide care.

Health Care Cost Escalation

The term "cost" can carry different meanings in the delivery of health care, depending on the perspective one takes. There are three different meanings 1) When consumers and financiers speak of the "cost" of health care, they most often mean the "price" of health care. ) From a national perspective, health care costs refer to how much a nation spends on health care services. ) A third perspective is that of the providers. For the providers of health care, their costs are producing the services given.

Five Contributions to the Escalating Cost of Health Care

Third-Party Payment Health care is among the few services for which a third party, not the consumer, pays for most services used. Since the individual patients are only paying a fraction of the actual cost, they are not very concerned about the cost of the care. There is no incentive to be cost conscious when someone else is paying the bill. Third-party payment also removes incentives to influence physicians from admitting patients to hospitals and using high-cost technologies. The result is an almost unlimited consumption of healthcare resources.

Imperfect Market Because the US health care delivery system does not consist of a national health care program, it is not highly regulated. The delivery of health care does not take place in a highly competitive market because of various market imperfections. In an imperfect market, utilization of health care is driven by need rather than by demand, the quantity of health care services produced and delivered are likely to be much higher than in a competitive market, and the prices charged for health care services will be permanently higher than the true economic costs of production (Shi & Singh, 001). One of the reasons for an imperfect market is the existence of third-party payments.

Growth of Technology New technology is expensive to develop, and costs incurred in research and development are included in the total health care expenditures. Once technology is developed, it drives up the demand for its use. Advancements in medical science have raised the expectations of consumers as to what technology can do to diagnose and treat diseases and prolong life. Technology has substantially increased diagnoses and treatment and improved quality of life, but it is also used simply to keep people alive with little or no chance of recovery. Third-party insurance has generally paid for almost all diagnostic tests and procedures with few questions asked.

Increase in Elderly Population Growth in the elderly population in the US has outpaced growth in the nonelderly since 100. The swelling of the elderly population will result from the aging of the baby boom generation of Americans born between 146 and 164. The elderly consume more health care than younger people. Expenditures for the elderly are 7% higher than the general population and this does not take into account the Medicaid outlays for the elderly population receiving care in nursing homes. A growing elderly population will have a serious impact on health care expenditures in the future.

Medical Model of Health Care Delivery The medical model emphasizes medical interventions after a person has become sick. Prevention and lifestyle behavior changes to promote health are de-emphasized. Consequently, more costly health care resources have to be deployed to treat health problems that could have been prevented.

Health Legislative/Policies Contributing to Escalating Costs

The failure of the health reform effort from 1 to 14 has decreased the motivation for most politicians for significant health regulation. There is almost no support for large-scale social programs targeting the poor or uninsured. Major government reform is therefore unlikely. Strong support for the current Medicare and Social Security systems means that change in the benefits of these systems will be slow. The forecast for legislation is one of continued incremental program change directed primarily at providers and with little direct effect on beneficiaries. None of this will have significant impact on the general health insurance market; therefore, there are no real cost cutting measures taking place.

Trends That Are Put In Place to Slow Escalating Costs

When inpatient reimbursement is squeezed, costs shift to the ambulatory sector. The prospective payment system (PPS) led to the transfer of many therapeutic and diagnostic services from the inpatient to the outpatient setting. Because of the significant growth of Medicare outpatient services, HCFA developed a PPS for hospital outpatient services that would replace the existing cost-based payment system. Medicaid programs in some states and a few private insurance companies have been using this same type of reimbursement program.

In the US, competitive reforms were given preference because of the growing interest in market-oriented approaches across many sectors of the economy during the Reagan presidency in 180s. These reforms were accompanied by a declining interest in comprehensive health care reform at the national level. Market-oriented reforms were accompanied by mounting cost-containment efforts in the private sector and the growth of managed care. Competitive strategies can be divided into four broad types.

Demand-Side Incentives The idea of cost sharing is that if consumers are responsible for a larger share of the cost of insurance, they will be more cost-conscious when selecting the insurance plan that best serves their needs. They will not automatically choose the most comprehensive plan. Also, when they have to pay more out-of-pocket for services, they will use them less. The incentive with cost sharing is saving the health care consumer money by being cost-conscious; therefore, this will lead to lower costs within the health delivery system due to minimizing unnecessary utilization.

Supply-Side Regulation Antitrust laws in the US do not allow businesses to prevent competition among providers. Such practices include price fixing, price discrimination, exclusive contracting arrangements, and mergers deemed anticompetitive by the Department of Justice. Antitrust policy promotes competitiveness and cost efficiency. MCOs, hospitals, and other health care organizations have to be cost-efficient to survive.

Payer-Driven Competition Generally, consumers with the exception of health care markets drive competition. This is because patients lack the incentive to be good shoppers and they face information barriers that prevent them from being efficient shoppers. It is extremely difficult for patients to obtain needed information on cost and quality. Patient-driven competition has been overcome by payer-driven competition in the form of managed care. First, employers shop around for the best value in terms of premiums and benefits packages (competition among insurers). Second, MCOs shop around for the best value in providers of health services (competition among providers).

Utilization Controls The utilization controls in managed care have cut through some of the unnecessary or inappropriate services provided to consumers. Managed care steps in and makes sure that only appropriate and necessary services are provided and that services are provided efficiently. MCOs base this intervention on information that is not generally available to consumers. Current concerns are that some MCOs have been too aggressive in controlling utilization.

Managed Care and Escalating Costs

Managed care systems can potentially control costs by organizing providers into networks and by incorporating the financing, insurance, delivery, and payment functions of health care. First, by eliminating insurance and payer intermediaries, MCOs are able to realize some savings. Second, MCOs control costs by sharing risk with providers or by securing discounts from providers. Risk sharing promotes health care delivery that is economically cautious which makes it an indirect method of utilization control. Third, cost savings are achieved when a broad range of services are offered and then monitored to determine its appropriateness and make sure it is delivered in the most cost-effective settings. MCOs have emphasized outpatient services and have achieved lower rates of hospital utilization. HMOs have emphasized preventive services, which are less costly to deliver and save money through prevention as well as early detection.

Mortality/Morbidity

Increased Costs

As we look at the development of a managed care program, it is imperative to identify and understand the factors that have influenced the need for such a program. It is also imperative to understand how the use of traditional insurance coverage has influenced the need for a managed care approach. First of all, from a historical perspective, health care costs began to noticeably increase under the provision of conventional insurance. Traditionally, health care insurance coverage and delivery of services were based upon a fee for service (FFS) type system. This meant that a patient could see any physician at his/her discretion. The physician's office would then bill the insurance company based upon a fee schedule and what type of procedures were done. The insurance company would then pay the amount specified with little questions asked. The basic notion was that a patient would see a physician with the idea that "insurance would take care of it." The comprehensive care provided by the physicians and the cost of the equipment used to do these procedures attributed to the increase cost of health care services. There was very little control of utilization of services. Physicians, at times, were providing more extensive treatment than necessary and then charging high prices to compensate for them. On the other hand, insurance companies had little incentive to change or question because they would just increase the premiums for the next year based upon the average spent the year before. This cycle of no concern for cost-effectiveness resulted in the evolution of developing the idea of managed care to exercise more control of utilization of services, thus decreasing costs.

The Impact of Life Expectancy

Partly due to shift in focus of a more expanded view of health versus the biomedical view, people are living longer and healthier lives. The idea of wellness and preventive care has influenced the way some health care workers approach care. In general, however, as time has past, the average life span of a person has increased. At the beginning of the 0th century, the average life expectancy was approximately 47. years. Today, however, the average life expectancy is close to 77 years. (US Department of Health and Human Services, 000) There can be several explanations to the increase in life expectancy and decrease in infant mortality rates. One explanation is that improvements in the standard of living and public health measures have occurred. Through the years, education regarding better quality of personal hygiene and sterilization have attributed to longer life expectancy. Another explanation is that infectious-type diseases were the leading cause of death years ago compared to more chronic-type diseases affecting health today. The infectious diseases were more life threatening years ago, especially among the younger population. Today, however, the chronic-type diseases can be better managed and provide a longer life expectancies with the aid of newer interventions and technology. (Rothstein) Managed care plays an important role in trying to encourage longevity by advocating for preventive care. However, with the increase in longevity, managed care has to also deal with the increased need for long term care facilities and the expense involved with caring for the elderly population. (Shi & Singh, 001).

Increase in Technology and New Drugs

The increase of new technology and drugs has had an impact on the need for a managed care program. With the advancement in technological devices, patients have had better opportunities to live longer lives. The invention of new drugs through research and development has also increased life expectancy rates. However, along with the vast importance of technology comes the increase in health care costs as well; thus, raising the issue of cost-effectiveness. A managed care program could be beneficial in placing restrictions on what type of technological device a facility has and how often it is used. The question has been whether physicians are abusing the use of the "new and expensive" equipment without regarding the price involved. A managed care program could aid in forcing physicians to be more selective about the usage of such expensive devices to help decrease health care costs. (Shi & Singh, 001).

Increased Costs and Its Direct Impact on Healthcare

The dilemma of increasing health care costs has significantly impacted the overall health care system. This dilemma is one of the major reasons why managed care has been so dominant in the health care system within the past decade. Health care services are provided in a much more "squeezed" sense, in terms of time and being less comprehensive. New schools of thought are being taught in medical schools. Community health organizations are collaborating to educate public on prevention of diseases. Consumers of health care are also experiencing restrictions on health care providers where, at one time, they had more freedom to choose their own physician. All of these changes within the health care have evolved due to the attempt to minimize health care expenditures.

The traditional approach to health care was more of a biomedical model, meaning treating patients when they were sick or injured. However, the trend is more towards educating people on preventive care and wellness. Physicians in training are now being taught to think more holistically in terms of treatment instead of just treating the symptoms of a disease. Managed care is pushing the idea of holistic health and wellness because of the belief that it will save money long-term. ("Health & Health Care 010")

Managed care has also directly impacted the way consumers receive services. Traditionally, consumers could choose their own physician and see whomever they wanted. Consumers also had the luxury of choosing a specialist to see if they so desired. However, with the evolution of managed care, a patient's freedom of choice became more stringent. Managed care, in its effort to reduce costs, adopted the "gatekeeping" method to utilize its control over services being provided. The gatekeeping idea means that a consumer has to choose a primary physician within the network. The primary physician is responsible for coordinating all health care services for the patient. This type of control by certain managed care organizations (MCOs) has frustrated many consumers and physicians, namely specialists. Some specialists have experienced a decrease in clientele due to the restrictions of managed care having the primary physician at as a portal of entry. (Shi & Singh, 001)

All of these changes in the health care system within the past two decades have been as a result of the increase in health care costs. The concerted effort of managed care has been somewhat successful in containing some costs at least through the 10s. However, the question is whether this type of organization will be able to continue to decrease costs in the future. There are many who are beginning to voice dissatisfaction with MCOs. The combination of lobbyists and consumer and physician dissatisfaction could put a damper on the way managed care has operated in the recent past. (Ginzberg)

References

Ginzberg, E. The Uncertain Future of Managed Care. The Nation's Health.

Health & Health Care 010 The Forecast, The Challenge, Institute for the Future.

Rothstein, W.G. Trends in Mortality in the Twentieth Century. The Nation's Health.

Shi, L., & Singh, D. A. Delivering Health Care in America A Systems Approach (nd ed.). Maryland Aspen Publication.

United States Department of Health and Human Services (000). Healthy People 010

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Harnessing power of information technology

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Introduction The creative use of Information Technology for development remains one of the key challenges in the digital age. While development assistance has always been provided with sustainability in mind, all too often technology has lagged behind in this effort. The goal to realistically and practically transfer technology from north to south remains elusive. The Johannesburg Summit offers a useful opportunity for reflection and hopefully will generate some innovative thinking on the use of technology for achieving sustainability. The Case for Partnerships The PrepComs leading up to the summit have included some healthy debates on a wide range of economic, social and environmental issues, with the underlying agenda of poverty alleviation and the need for global consensus and action. The reaffirmation in Bali to encourage business and industry to showcase sustainable development partnerships is a golden opportunity for the private sector to do concrete projects on the ground to bridge the north-south divide. The commitment of the scientific and technological communities to improve collaboration between scientists and policymakers provides real impetus for progress. While aid is an essential component for helping the billion plus men, women and children who live below $ per day, there is growing consensus that sustainability depends in large part on trade, investment, and transfer of technology. The multi-stakeholder dialogue for World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD) underscored also the importance of good governance and accountability, protection of human rights, democratic participation, especially for women in the decision-making and capacity-building process. The Secretary General of the Summit, Mr. Nitin Desai, expects the summit to focus on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by 147 Heads of State and Government, and 18 Member States in total in the Millennium Declaration. Key expected outcomes of WSSD will be political declaration from heads of state, a plan of implementation that builds on the achievements made since Rio and commits governments to undertake concrete measures and actions (Type I), and finally Type II partnerships and initiatives, involving business and other sectors of society, translating the Type I commitments into specific actions. It is clear that these two types of outcomes of the WSSD are closely interrelated, and that one cannot go without the other.

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- - Moreover, the PrepComs have generated considerable interest from business and industry in developing practical applications in developing countries, in particular in least developed countries (LDCs) and Small Island developing States as well as in countries with economies in transition, and have enabled some of their concerns to be placed in the world trade agenda. These understandings are obvious and basic building blocks for partnerships and initiatives for implementing Agenda 1, and are likely to be engines of growth in developing countries. The Case for Government-led Business Coalitions The international community must build on the successes of Monterey and ensure that they flow into Johannesburg. The commitment by the United States and the European Union to increase ODA offers much hope towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Developing countries need to respond to this gesture through improved governance and by creating an enabling environment for effective management of the aid process with a view to transparency and accountability. They can also take steps to facilitate trade and investment and encourage new business incubation. The heightened interest in Type II initiatives provides an ideal opportunity for governments, civil society, including academia, NGOs and the private sector to form broad coalitions for implementing the MDGs. Trade and industry associations and new and emerging alliances of companies with like-minded agendas can be tapped from an investment perspective to showcase the voluntary partnerships proposed for WSSD. The national and international chambers of commerce, regional business groups, such as the Corporate Council for Africa, can be rich sources of expertise and experience for working together. The renewed commitment for Africa through the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) is another entry-point for Type II and beyond, which recently summed very clearly by President Thabo Mbeki in his comments on Africas New Realism The momentum for sustained development, in partnership with the private sector, is based on a recognition that it is possible to revive poor nations, particularly in Africa through investments for mutual benefit. Thus, governments should foster opportunities to promote coalitions for investment projects. A group that could be actively engaged in this effort is the foundation community. After all, they need a product to support and do not simply wish to be seen as a funding stream, but as an active partner looking towards social return on capital. Organisations like the Council on Foundations and the European Foundation Centre are keen to collaborate and support international initiatives, and could serve as nerve centres for this effort by thinking globally and acting locally. They could thus help in creating a new culture of philanthropy at the national level for achieving Millennium Goals. In addition, as was cited in an article by Professors CK Prahalad and Stuart Hart in the journal Strategy + Business earlier this year, multinational companies investing in developing countries are challenged to marry local capabilities and market knowledge

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- - with global best practices. ICT can play a critical role in facilitating this. When we then talk of partnerships for sustainable development, it is so important that large companies include SMEs in their partnerships. By doing this, they will improve their ability to deliver appropriate services locally, whilst at the same time supporting local business development. Partnerships that join not only large companies with NGOs and local authorities, but also local small business help bring about greater transfer of skills and know-how. Improved access to and use of ICT is needed to forge such win-win partnerships worldwide. The UN system has been showing the way in developing multistakeholders partnerships, also involving the private sector. To quote Secretary-General Kofi Annan Creating wealth - which is businesss expertise, and promoting human security in the broadest sense - the UNs main concern, are mutually reinforcing goals. ICT as a key driver ICT should be seen as an integral component of sustainable development strategies, not merely as a valuable industry in its own right Industry as a partner for sustainable development. Information and Communications Technology (GeSI)1.The WSSD model for partnerships has laid out some key areas where Type II initiatives could serve as models for collaboration. The UN Secretary-Generals call to focus on WEHAB ­ Water and sanitation, Energy, Health, Agriculture and Biodiversity ­ to develop an ambitious yet achievable programme of practical steps is a rallying cry to all of us. In all of the WEHAB sectors, information and communication technology can be effectively utilised to implement programmes and projects. ICTs should be considered as drivers and efficiency mechanisms for delivery of sustainable technical assistance ­ and it does not always have to be high-tech. Simple management and administrative capacity building are stepping-stones to good government and accountability. The challenge is not to see ICTs as an adjunct for development, but to integrate them into projects for maximum results. There is a need for a bottom-up model that makes communication, information, energy sources and other self-help tools directly available to communities. Just consider the possible impact modern-day software can have, which enables modelling and simulation of waste-water treatment plants, rivers, sewers, chemical and fermentation processes to map out existing systems, detect deficiencies and provide possible solutions; or of Telecentres which, not only provide learning, health care, banking and 1Global e-Sustainability Initiative

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- 4 - government services, but also information on soil and environmental testing. In addition, as noted in the Final Report of the Digital Opportunity Initiative, ICT applications can be used to reduce the consumption of energy, water and other essential natural resources through more efficient agriculture and industrial procedures. For example, precision agriculture techniques using GIS and GPS systems can facilitate weather and soil monitoring, crop forecasting and the ability to optimise farm return on investment ensuring more efficient use of scarce resources. In the future, ICT may also play an important role in the fight against pollution-not only by providing more useful metrics and information, but also by enabling population decentralization and large-scale telecommuting. There are numerous examples and success stories of how, with minimal effort and additions of technology, development projects are able to enhance local capacity and leave something more behind for future generations. Developing countries could also take advantage of the mechanisms already tested in developed countries. The eEurope 005 Action Plan, for instance, provides some good ideas for strengthening public institutions, which could be replicated. From the eEurope model, a case can be made for an eAfrica initiative through the New Partnership for Africas Development, NEPAD, by twinning individual EU country successes with African country needs. For example, the EU and NEPAD could develop an eAfrica fellowship programme through Open Universities on the Internet for all of the WEHAB sectors. This way, information and technology transfer could take place on a systematic basis on a country-by-country and sector-by-sector basis. Within the UN system, for example, the UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and Economics in partnership with the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), has supported the creation of the Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI) which brings together information and communications technology service providers and suppliers to address issues such as environmental management, corporate reporting, outreach and the role of information and communication technology in advancing sustainable development. www.gesi.orgThe Internet is an ideal tool for opening access to information. With a one-time effort of putting documents on the Internet, these can be made available to the world community for ever. Although the cataloguing and research facilitation have yet to be developed, the successor to the current Internet will most likely address a number of these issues. It is worth recalling the GeSI Report Industry as a partner for sustainable development, information and communications technology which so well states for ICT to be an effective facilitator of sustainable development, it is essential that governments, civil The Digital Opportunity Initiative (DOI), a public private partnership of Accenture, the Markle Foundationand the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), was launched at the G-8 Okinawa Summit in 000, with the aim of identifying the roles that information and communication technologies (ICT) can play in fostering sustainable economic development and enhancing social equity. www.opt-init.org

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- 5 - society and the business community co-operate to create the conditions for the sector to help improve the competitive position of developing countries and reduce the environmental impact of developed economies. What can be done? In our technological civilization in which knowledge is the main source of added value, information technology, which makes new knowledge accessible to those who are in the front lines of development ­ particularly the poorest ­ has immense potential to empower them to improve their livelihoods and enhance their futures. Mr. Maurice F. Strong, Secretary-General of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (The Rio Summit) and Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-General. There are a number of things that can be done. The UN system can offer a range of project ideas and most websites can be useful sources of information. In November 001, Secretary-General Kofi Annan established the UN ICT Task Force to provide overall leadership to the United Nations role in helping to formulate strategies for the development of information and communication technologies and putting those technologies at the service of development and, on the basis of consultations with all stakeholders and Member States, forging a strategic partnership between the United Nations system, private industry and financing trusts and foundations, donors, programme countries and other relevant stakeholders. Several international organisations and associations are already undertaking a variety of partnership projects. ¸ www.johannesburgsummit.org¸ www.wbcsd.org¸ www.basd-action.net¸ www.virtualexhibit.net/index.php¸ www.unicttaskforce.org¸ www.sdnp.undp.org¸ www.uneptie.orgIf one were to look at the five WEHAB areas, some good projects could be considered for application. What follows is simply a small selection, by no means exhaustive, of initiatives underway.

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- 6 - UNICEF PHOTO Water and sanitation The UN Atlas of the Oceans, an Internet portal providing information relevant to the sustainable development of the oceans. The Atlas is designed for policy-makers who need to become familiar with ocean issues and for scientists, students and resource managers who need access to databases and approaches to sustainability. The UN Atlas also provides the ocean industry and stakeholders with pertinent information on ocean matters. The UN Atlas of the Oceans is a partnership between six UN agencies (FAO, IAEA, IMO, UNEP, WMO, UNESCO/IOC), the United Nations Foundation the Secretariat of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) and National Geographic Society. Cinegram Media Inc., a private publisher, will be producing CD-ROMs and other media in order to reach a wider audience, particularly among the public and educators. www.oceansatals.orgThe World Water Actions Inventory aims to list and display all actions that are synthesized in the final report being prepared by the Water Action Unit for the rd World Water Forum (Kyoto, March 00) and too solicit reactions on the information provided and encourage public contributions, in order to report on water actions being implemented in some parts of the world that are not yet inventoried by the Water Action Unit. www.worldwatercouncil.org/search_actions.phpEnergy The Greenstar Village Center initiative brings portable community centres to villages using solar power generated by large photovoltaic panels. The solar power drives water purifiers, small clinics, vaccine coolers, classrooms, digital studios and satellite or wireless links to the Internet. As a result of the Internet linkage, e-commerce websites are developed, employing local musicians, teachers and art professionals to record the voice of the community. Greenstar packages the materials for various markets, both direct to the consumer, and through licensing to businesses. This formula provides new jobs and skills, strengthens local culture and language, and affirms peoples independence. Income from this digital culture is used to fund an ongoing, community-driven process of literacy, local business, education and training, public health, and environmental programs. www.greenstar.comEduSol and Enersol are bringing a small array of PV modules and a computer to selected rural schools in unelectrified areas. As teachers and students gain basic computer skills, schools will be connected via cellular telephones to the Internet.

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- 7 - Enersol will partner with IEARN, an NGO with over ten years of experience connecting children and teachers around the globe www.iearn.orgWith USAID support, Winrock International (WI) is working with Sandia National Laboratories and New Mexico State University (NMSU) to support the use of renewable energy systems in rural distance education in Mexico and Central America. Mexico is a leader in the use of distance education to serve rural areas has developed its Telesecundaria Program for rural middle-school students. A network of over 15,000 distance learning schools (telesecundarias), are using distance education to reach over 00,000 students. WI is working with the Mexican Secretariat of Public Educations Educational Television Unit (SEP/UTE) and several state-level education agencies. Most Central American countries are adopting or piloting their own telesecundarias based on the Mexico model. Lenders, including the Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank, have recognized the importance of these programs for expanding access to education and have been supporting these initial efforts. In Brazil, USAID, Winrock and the Bahia State Small Rural Producers Association (APAEB) cost-shared the installation of a solar-powered PC to provide a new educational tool in one of the most drought-stricken areas of the country, the Avani de Cunha Lima Agricultural Family School in Valente. The federal Ministry of Mines and Energy donated a kW PV array to the school through the National Program for the Energy Development of States and Municipalities (PRODEEM). Winrock installed the array, which tripled the available energy. The school now has enough energy that the 10 persons who work, live and study there can use the TV, VCR, antennas, radio, a refrigerator for food and vaccines and other appliances. APAEB is discussing a project extension with USAID and Winrock to install five more PCs in the classrooms and buy a rural cell phone to allow connection to the Internet. Myeka High in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa has no electricity, no running water and no telephone lines, but it does have the largest library in the world. With solar PV, a satellite dish, solar-powered computers and wireless Internet access, the students now have unlimited amounts of virtual information at their fingerprints. Winrock was involved in the training and mobilization of the local NGOs and Mangosuthu Technikon that support the school project. Direct funding for the PV array came from Eskom and the computers and technical assistance were provided through the Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF). www.myeka.co.za Health The Health InterNetwork, proposed by the UN Secretary-General with his Millennium Report, is an initiative led by the World Health Organisation, to improve public health by facilitating the flow of health information, using the Internet. It enables public health care workers, researchers, and policy-makers in developing countries to gain access to a wide range of authoritative and up-to-date health information and advice. The goal is to make health information ­ relevant, timely and appropriate ­unrestricted and affordable worldwide, so that all communities can benefit. The initiative brings together

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- 8 - international agencies, the private sector, foundations, nongovernmental organizations and country partners under the principle of ensuring equitable access to health information. http//www.healthinternetwork.orgOneWorlds AIDS Radio portal offers services and networking for broadcasters and civil society organisations who are interested in using radio/audio to promote awareness, news and public education on HIV and AIDS. Radio reaches more people than any other communication medium - unrestricted by borders, literacy or gender - and, in the fight against HIV/AIDS, is a hugely important communication tool. The OneWorld Radio AIDS Network audio exchange is a platform for the free exchange of programmes between stations and organisations across the world, offering access to a wide variety of excellent programmes addressing many aspects of AIDS awareness. www.oneworld.net/radio/aidsIndia Health Care Project makes use of IT for delivering quality health care to the rural population. It aims to reduce or eliminate the redundant entry of data prevalent in paper registers, generate automatically Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) monthly reports, and make data electronically available for further analysis and compilation at higher levels of the health care system. It will train the health workers in the use of Personal Digital Assistance (PDAs) to process data with ease. The PDAs are designed to cater to the semi-literate levels of the health workers. The 40-60% reduction in time for the health workers to process the data can be used to deliver quality health care. CMC Limitedis partnering with Apple Computer Inc. USA, the Centre for Diffusion of Information Technology (CDIT) the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India and the World Bank. UNICEF PHOTO Agriculture The M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundations Information Village Research Project (IVRP) in the Union Territory of Pondicherry aims at delivering electronic knowledge to the poor. So far ten villages near Pondicherry in southern India have been connected by a hybrid wired and wireless network consisting of PCs, telephones, VHF duplex radio devices and email connectivity through dial-up telephone lines. This facilitates both voice and data transfer, and have enabled the villagers to get information that they need and can use to improve their lives. Areas covered include agriculture, health, education, cattle and feed. The project emphasizes an integrated pro-poor, pro-women, pro-nature orientation to development and community ownership of technological tools against personal or family ownership, and encourages

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- - collective action for spread of technology. The bottom up exercise involves local volunteers to gather information, feed it into an Intranet and provide access through nodes in different villages. All centres evolved themselves to meet the information demands made by the community. The project is supported by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the Ford Foundation and the Department of Science and Technology, Government of Pondicherry. www.mssrf.orgThe World Agricultural Information Centre (WAICENT) established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for agricultural information management and dissemination, in an effort to fight hunger with information. WAICENT is a strategic programme for improving access to essential documents, statistics, maps and multimedia resources to millions of users around the globe. The information includes full-text publications and technical documents on agriculture, fisheries, nutrition and forestry; data, including maps and charts, obtained through the FAO online statistical databases, containing records covering international statistics in the area of agricultural production, trade indices, food supply, land and food aid. WAICENT is one of the worlds most comprehensive sources of agricultural information, providing access to the accumulated knowledge and expertise of FAO, improving the capacities of decision-makers, professionals and the public-at-large to obtain and use information essential for achieving sustainable agriculture development and helping to combat hunger. www.fao.org/waicentGeographic data are vital for the execution of development projects. Using ICT, a number of UN entities (Cartographic Section of the Department of Public Information, the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Peace-keeping Operations and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) are putting together a global geographic database, consisting of basic cartographic elements and toponymic information, which will be made available to users through the Internet. In addition, a strategic plan to fully implement the database will be devised, as well as the creation of a geographic data clearinghouse. This project is a crucial capacity building effort for developing countries that otherwise cannot afford such technology. Geographic data in the form of digital maps and satellite imagery are fundamental and indispensable for environmental assessment and monitoring. The Rural Agricultural Development Authority (RADA) is developing an Agricultural Business Information System (ABIS) to provide stakeholders in the industry with data on crop production and marketing, a one stop shop computer-based system for agricultural information. The ABISs primary objective is to develop the capacity and competitiveness of Jamaicas agricultural sector through the use of information and communication technologies. Funding for the development and implementation of the system is being provided with grants from the Ministry of Agriculture, the International Institute for Communication and Development (IICD), and the European Union (EU) through the Eastern Jamaica Agricultural Support Project (EJASP).

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- 10 - Marty Katz for The New York Times, July 00BiodiversityThe Interactive Map Service (IMapS) project, aims to provide online, immediate access to biodiversity and social data for use in emergency oil spills and provide key environmental information for strategic planning and impact assessments. The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund Internationals multi-faceted project (in partnership with Georgia Tech, Clark Atlanta University and the National University of Rwanda) promotes study of the gorillas fragile habitat, to help determine how many gorillas the land can support, to assess habitat loss and to better manage protected areas. The project makes use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) centre in Rwanda, with emphasis on remote sensing technology. Virtual environments are created for training students in Africa and in the United States on how to use the technology, and finding ways to replicate this scientific model in other parts of Africa where endangered species live. www.gorillafund.orgReefBase is an online information system on coral reefs, designed to provide relevant data and information to reef managers and scientists, as well as the general public. It facilitates better understanding of the inter-dependencies between humans and coral reefs, in order to benefit management and conservation efforts of these important resources. It allows gathering of available knowledge about coral reefs into one information repository. The information in ReefBase facilitates analyses and monitoring of coral reef health and the quality of life of reef-dependent people, and supports informed decisions about coral reef use and management. www.reefbase.orgGlobal Forest Watch is an international network of more than 0 local forest groups linked by the Internet. It aims to slow forest degradation around the world as well as infuse transparency and accountability into the industry. GFW uses a combination of satellite imagery, Geographic Information Systems mapping software, the Internet and on-the-ground observation to record forest coverage and condition, including where and how forest product companies are cutting. GFW compares the activity to forest leases to identify illegal cutting. These maps are posted on the Internet, naming specific companies that fail to comply with environmental policies and agreements. The group is already operating in 8 countries, and plans to cover 5 countries within a few years. It has negotiated agreements with IKEA, Home Depot, Loews and other major forest Led by IPIECA (International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association) in cooperation with the UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)

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- 11 - product retailers that constitute 40 percent of the North American market. The retailers have pledged to source only from sustainably managed forests and forest companies and have agreed to use GFWs expanding database to guide their buying. GFW also provides governments, local communities, consumers and activists with information about what is happening to the forests, enabling the promotion and establishment of successful forest management practices. Preliminary results indicate that GFW can produce information that is not obtainable by satellitesystems and exceeds that currently available to governments and United Nations agencies. www.globalforestwatch.orgFacilitating technology transfer As demonstrated above, ICT is a key driver for sharing information and knowledge, and therefore is facilitating technology transfer. For example, the Sustainable Alternatives Network (SANet) www.SustainableAlternatives.net, a project within the UNEP/ GEF partnership, aimed at assisting informed business decision-making to ease the implementation of the Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs). To facilitate environmentally and financially viable investments, SANets website is offered to technology transfer practitioners to share their success stories, know-how and other information most relevant to their work. SANet does not create new institutions, but strengthens existing information exchange networks across different MEAs and sectors. For example, it links with clearinghouse functions to help developing countries and countries with economies in transition achieve their compliance targets under the Montreal Protocol. http//www.uneptie.org/hp_aohtmResources Cooperation between the United Nations and all relevant partners, in particular the private sector,Secretary-General Report to the General Assembly (A/56/) Agenda Item Towards Global Partnerships November 001 Industry as a partner for sustainable development. Information and Communications Technology.Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI). London UNEP, Beacon Press. Can the Internet help slow global environmental decline?Gregory C. Unruh www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_11/unruh/index.htmlTechnical change and sustainable development developing country perspectives, Juma, Calestous and Victor Konde

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Punishment for leveing the house

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The reason I am writing this essay is that I was told to and because of the stupid thing that I did. I was going out of the house when I should have been staying home and sleeping but I made the choice to leave and the choice to get in to trouble. To every problem there are two sides there are the good side and the bad side and when you do something wrong it always seems that the bad out weighs the good and that is how it is.

The good things that came from this are not very many but there are some. One of the good things that came from this is that I was able to be one with nature and one with myself. I know that something's in life you do not think about the consequences until after you have done the thing you got in trouble for, and that is what I went up there for to think. My life in the last months has been the worst two months in my life first it was camp and then this. So that is when I decided myself with no one else's thoughts to sneak out of the house and just go somewhere that was very peaceful. As I was ridding, my bike I found that place it ended up being a field just up the road it was the perfect place that I could do all the thinking that I wanted to do. And the thinking that I had to do was to now think out the other out comes off all the stupid things that I did in the past and what would have happed if I made a different chose. The reason I did this is when you have personal problems that you do not want to tell any one because you are scared or that they might laugh at you for worrying about something so little or big so you end up keeping them all in side and letting them build up. That is what my problem was I had so many little things that I had to figure out and think about that is why I went up there are in the field. Another good thing that came from this is that I finally realized that I can be out of the on my own and not worry about my self or others. When I was up in the field I was only thinking of me and that is because I was the one with the problems that had to be sorted out so other important people that where in my life did not come to mind, while I was sneaking out or when I was ridding my bike up the hill to get to the field and I am not saying that is very good but it showed be I am ready to live a life of me own and not have to listen to other people to make my own decisions to do things which I think is a very good thing. Another good thing that came from going up to the field is that it made me realize just actually, how many people do love me. If no one loved me, then when mom yelled up the stairs for me and then she realized that I was not there. She only found that out by putting her self in danger by climbing the stairs up to my room by her self. She could have fallen and hurt her self very badly and when she did get up to my room, she saw that I was not in the room. If she did not love me she could of just said to her self that he will be home sometime, and then she could of went back to bed but she did not she woke up John and asked him if she could help her find me, because I was not where I was supposed to be. She did all of this because she loves me. She also got dad involved in this by calling him on the phone to tell him what I did and then he sat and talked to me to try and figure out why I did go up to the field which showed that he loved me and John showed that he love me by coming and looking for me with mom at 100 at night. And the last good thing that this trip taught me is to always tell some one in the house where you are going to be if you are going to go out side for a while or even a little while if you are going to a place that you would not normally go. And when you do ask then most of the time if the person thinks it is a bad idea they will ask you why and then say no or that you can go somewhere else to do your thing that you need to do or what they would do if they where in your situation this is why I did not ask to go. With every one of these good things came a good and a bad side that is how everything in life is.

Like I said in the starting paragraph everything has a good and bad side well now her is the list of things that could of happed from my actions of sneaking out. The first thing that could of happed is when I was getting down from the roof I could of slipped and fall and possibly of landed on my head and end up doing one of two things one breaking my neck making my self paralyzed for the rest of my life or two I could of broke my neck ended up in death if I broke it in the right spot. The next bad thing that could of happed in order is that I might have been hit my a car or truck and no one could of helped me till the morning because that is when they would notice I was not coming downstairs or answering from the up stairs then it would be at least 6 hours in a ditch with no help and I would of probably would of died there and that would hurt all the people that love me very much. Another bad thing that happened is that I lost all the respect and trust that my family had in me. And when you lose things like trust and respect it is very hard to get them back. It is in a way funny it can take you years to earn trust and respect but it only takes one stupid thing and one sec to take it all away after I have work on it for so long. Another bad thing that could of happened is that we have a bear with cubs up here and while I was sitting there one of the cubs could of came near me and the mother bear would of thought that I was hurting one of here babies and she would of possibility of attacked me and I probably would me in very bad shape or even dead that that would not be good. The bad things that could of happed or the bad things that did happen all help a person to learn the mistake that they did and what was the reaction of other people would be.

I think that the punishments that I got of sneaking out fit very well. By this, I mean that when I got home mom and john could have said well your home and then went to sleep. If they would of done that I would wonder what was wrong with them because they always want to deal with things that are happing right now then deal with them later if that would of happened then I would feel less loved. The punishments that that I got mostly went along the lines of thing that I take for granted like using the internet when ever I want to so that I can help my self in a game or finally under stand a song that I have been trying to sing. Another one of my punishments that I got was that I could not talk on the telephone. And this helps and it also hurts at the same time. It helps because I can not talk to any one so I have more time to do things that I want to do and it hurts because there are girls that call me up asking me questions about how guys think and they also sometimes ask for moral support and they call me because they know I will be here for them. Another punishment was that I could not ride by bike. And that sounds all fair because that is what I used to get to the field. If I did not have my bike it would probably take me at least 45 min to get to the field but with my bike it only takes a couple minutes which leaves me more time to think by my self in nature. The last punishment that I got was that I could not keep my bed room door closed at night. The reason I had it closed to start with is that I would be the only one in the house with the windows open because it was so hot in the up stairs so I did not want the cold air from out side going down stairs and making the down stairs more cold which in return would cost money because we would have to turn on the heater. Which would cost more money?

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My actions have made me stop to think about how good my life is I mean this because I do not have to worry about things that young adults my age do in other countries or just in different homes. I never have actually went hungry because I have always have had some type of food that I could eat even if I did not want it the food was still there for me. Another thing that I have not had to worry about is that I have the things that I need to live. And that is water, shelter, food, and air and some people just worry about one or all of them every day. When people stop worrying about these things, they forget they can go away just as fast as they got them. And that's what happened to me the things that I lost I thought that they would always be there for me even though that I lost did not determine if I would live or die they choose if my life as a 16 year old male would be boring or if it would very fun. The things I am talking about are my bike, the telephone, and one thing that every child thinks that they have to have and that is freedom. My bike gave me the freedom to go where I wanted to when I wanted to and it also makes it a lot faster to get places that I what to go or to places that I need to go. It also gave me a way to check how much my parents trusted me. I could tell mom did not trust me yet but she had to over the summer because I had to go to school and she did not want me to go down the road that we live on but she new that I would do it some time with or with out her permission some time so she decided that she would let me go and hope that I would be safe. However, with all of that protection, some times a person feels trapped and the bike was my transportation away from the protection. Some times I feel that the protection that mom and dad put on me is very too much. If you stop and think about it there are three people putting the same amount of pressure on me to be safe and not to do this or not to do that it all adds up and the protection is to much it some times feels almost like I can not do any thing. Mom's protection is that I can not ride my bike with out a helmet I think it is a law but the police do not really care if you have one on or not but if you get in a accident and you are not wearing a helmet and you get hurt on the head then the police will say that you should have been wearing a helmet so I can see where that protection is another protection that mom puts out is that I can not have my head phones on if I am walking or ridding my bike because she says that I can not hear if a motorist comes up behind me she want me to be able to hear them I know this is for my own safety so I do this one as well mom has more protections that she puts on me but they are so small almost every child has them. Dad also has protections he has for me like one of many is that he will not let me play to many video games while I am at his house I do not know why he does this because I have been playing video games all may life and yes I have been affected by the in both negative and positive ways I think he does not want me playing them for that reason. And mostly all of john's protections go though mom so they end up mom having the final say which she has with every thing else.

With the actions that I have done there have been many consequences that have been in present like getting killed or other things along that line. But now I am going to talk about the future and what my decision may have changed my life in many ways that are good but they are also bad. When you do some thing in the present it can affect the future and the past. I know this sound confusing but it is true for if you did one wrong thing then another and you got in trouble the first time and now that you know what is going to happen to for the wrong thing the first time you did it now it will be a harsher punishment because the first one must not of been strong enough to say not to do that and when punishments build and build they will eventually have no where to go and that is what could of happed to me this could have been the start of some thing that could of put me in jail because today it might have been just going to the field to think about problems that I have had in the past months but in time it might of ended up in some thing a lot worse. When things happen some times, I like to believe that they happen for a reason. Some times the reason is to show what could of happed if you fell through with this plan or to show you what did happened and this is what you have to do now because of what you did. Some things in live always turn out the same way no matter how you try to do it. Even if you do some thing that some else did you will eventually do the same thing you might not have done the same process to get to that point but the point stayed the same and the point is the punishment. And punishments only do two things get worse or they stay the same that is it there is no other way to put it. When some one does some thing on impulse they hardly ever sit down and think about the consequences that could happen they always go off do what they wanted to do then they are shocked that when they get caught they get in so much trouble but if they would of sat down then there brain would have had time to say hay stupid don't do this don't you remember what happed last time. And that part of the brain is called the conscience every one has one but I think some peoples conscience is louder then others. Because if you notice the people that do not have a very loud conscience tend to do more little things that are stupid like talking to a person that you know if you talk to them you might get in a fight but to go and talk to them anyway and your conscience ends up being right you got in a fight and now you are wondering why did you just tune your conscience out it was because you thought that you could control your actions and you found out that you could not. That is what happed to me I had a conscience that said do some thing to let mom and john know where I was going so that I would not get in as much trouble as I would of if i just left and did not tell any one what or were I was going to. Things in every one's life time challenges a person conscience now they might listen to it or not but that is up to them the one that listen to there conscience do not get in as much trouble as the ones that do not listen to there conscience. I just wish that the conscience could be louder on subjects that will harm a person more so that they have a better chance to listen to it and by that I mean by harm is not like taking things away I mean harm to a persons well being and there respect for them self and other people in there life. The problem is that there are so many consequences that a person does not think of all of them when they do the thing the there conscience tells them not to do. The ones that they do think of they think to them self if they can live with the consequences and they tell them self yes I can and then when they do it it is the other consequences that they did not think of that are the ones that they can not deal with and that is what I did I felt that the consequences that I came up with I could live with but the ones that mom john and dad came up with I found out I could not I am still living but with out those consequences I would be better off.

They say in book and in magazines that almost every teenager some time in their life of living with their parents will seek out of the house. Well when I have kids and I am finally saying I will have some that I do not exactly know what I would do. There are many ways that I could deal with this. And also it depends if it is my daughter or my son that seeks out first by that I mean the first one will teach the second one not to sneak out because of what they got when they did it. One of many way I could deal with it is the same way mom did is when she found out that I was not where I was supposed to be she when out looking for me I guess that I would do the same thing to when I am a father. Or I could do the father thing and go out on the porch in total darkness and wait of him or her to come home and scare them so much that they would not do it again. In addition, another way is that if I know that he or she sneaked out of the house I would probably count the number of times and then let the number of times he or she snuck out as months or week depending on how large the number is and then when I fell the time is right like when he or she wants to go some where with his or her friends that is really important to her then I would tell them that they are ground for as many times that they went out of the house with out my permission or consent. The problem today is that children and teens are trying to get away from there parents it is not because we do not love them or want to be with them it is that some times we just want to be with friends or by our selves so that we can not take orders form other people just of a couple minutes in a day. And then one day when we are older we tend to go back to are parents for help on raising children or little tricks of the trade to doing things around the home and many other things that we need help with. When you are a kid or teen you tend to think that your parents are the dumbest people on the face of the planet because they have no idea what you are going through and that is because you will not tell them. Yes times have changed form when they were kids but the same ideas are still around so they have a pretty good idea what you are going through and they can help with some things if you let them and that is what I am at fault for with my teenage life the same with almost every one you do not tell every little thing that happened the hole day no you tell the things you want other people to here and the things that end up not telling tend to be the things that bother you for a very long time until you tell some one that you trust not saying that do not trust any one it just that there are something in life that you fell that you should keep to your self and that is why I went to the field.

When a person loses some thing that took a long time to get it will take just along or longer to get what they lost back. The thing that I lost is the trust mom, john, and dad had in me to be where I was supposed to be and I broke that trust in a mater of seconds and it took 16 years to get it. Now that I have broken this trust I want to and well have to get it back soon. The trust that I had was that they could say well Paul is here or that he is there now they do not know if I am there because of what I have done. To regain this trust will take hard work and it will take probably a very long time to get. I plan to do every thing that I can to get the trust back like tell them if I plan not to do some thing or tell them that I am planning to do some thing or go some where a long time before the event comes up. When a person breaks trust the do not think that the trust will hard to get it back until they find out what trust and with who they broke it with. With some people, the trust will be back in a week or two but with other people the trust that the person had with them will take a lot longer. Some times I feel that trust is some times over rated yes it is good to have with other people and it decides on how you treat them which I thing is wrong now every night while I am up stairs I have to yell to mom at the bottom of the stairs to say that I am up in my room where I belong that is what I am talking about she does not think that I have learned my lesson and checks on me every night it some times makes feel like I am a prisoner and she is the warden. But I understand why she dose this because when she checks on me then she knows that I am in my room and not out of the house. Nevertheless, in order to have trust in other people do not you need trust in your self first. There is another person that I have to build up my trust with but when you build up your own trust it normally takes longer then any one else's because when every one else trust you they think that you have learned from your small or large mistake but in your own it takes normally longer because you know the truth and when one part of you knows the truth and the other part says no that this is the truth and that is why it takes so long for your own self trust to build back up one side is fighting with the other to say who is right and you will not have trust or peace with your self until the time you finally decide what is the truth and what is the lie. And you do not what to settle with the lie because after a while you will start to believe the lie and you will think that the lie is the truth and that will make it even long for trust to build up.

Now that I have written this essay I have a better sense of right and wrong not that I did not have it before but this in a way opened way eyes to the big picture. During the sixteen years of my life I have been focusing on the now when I should of been thinking about the future and now that is has happened I have been acting a little different to my self and others and that is good because my behavior be fore was good but it was not the best that it could be. I feel that I used to have the attitude that every one was out to get me and that I had to defend my self against them. I used to have walls to protect me from things that I did not under stand and this little trip to the field has started chipping at that wall and I am finally under standing the meaning of being a parent and a grown up and that is to do little things that to you are not very important but to other people they are very important like telling where you are so that people know. And the funny thing about this essay is that I did not need to go anywhere to think about what I was going to type and I do not know why. With a project this big I should have had to go some where to think but I did not I feel that is because I have written all of my feeling in accord to my action of going to the field and that is very good that I have gotten rid of that feeling because even thought all the punishment that I have got I would probably do this again but now I have no reason to for that I have my own field in my mind that I go to every night in stead the real one up the road. I promises that from this point forward I will try to my fullest capability to let some one know where I am at all times.

The real reason that I have done this is that every one needs personal time and now that I have gone through the time of my life that I needed to do this I feel better but I also feel worse because I had everyone scared thinking that had run of died and that would have been very bad I would of left many things in life that I have worked so hard for and they could have been gone in one slip of the wrist by a drunk driver. The things that I would of lost are large and small but they are still very important to me like my family and friends they I have came to know so well they. Some of them would be sad and I know some of my family that does not know me also would be very sorry. I would of put the burden of having a parent bury there child and no parent should have to do that and I would of made mom do that if I was killed and I would not want that because I think if she knew I was gone for ever she would flip because I am so important to her. Another thing that would of left behind is all the years I have put in to karate even after camp I am still proud to be in the association and that is because I need to show to my self that I van do anything that I put my mind to that includes getting my brown belt back and getting this essay done. And all of this my hopes and dreams of becoming a nurse and also becoming a black belt could have been erased in a matter of seconds if I did not pay attention to the road and the noises around me on my way to the field.

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A comparison of Hitler Youth and the modern education system

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"He alone, who owns the youth, gains the Future!"

By Alex Carr

Education during the Nazi period in Germany displays some similarities to the modern western education system despite having different long term goals. While Germany was trying to create barbaric conformists the modern education system tries to create submissive conformists to serve the purposes of society. Both education systems manage to do this from trying to mould children from a young age to turn them into "human puppets, not independent thinkers" (Kjos, 001). In doing this many people can feel alienated from society at a young age that could have lead to imprisonment or execution within the Germany population where now it can lead to a life of poverty or imprisonment.

Education is the modern method by which a society hands down characteristics of one generation to the next including its knowledge, culture and values while each individual child develops physically, mentally, emotionally, morally, and socially. "Women and men of color, white women, and the working class and underclass have been absent from the center of analysis, research, theory, and the curriculum" (Flick, 000) meaning that the modern curriculum is intended mainly for the white middle class, especially males. With the modern educations standards a similar curriculum is given to children through out the western world resulting in very little flexibility for the individual student. This results in nations of children being educated with the same knowledge, culture and values because the success of a student is often measured by their ability to accept these common qualities because "the more enthusiastic they get, the easier are the exams" (Kjos, 001).

Help with essay on A comparison of Hitler Youth and the modern education system

Education played a very important part in Nazi Germany in trying to cultivate a loyal following for Hitler and the Nazis. "The Nazis were aware that education would create loyal Nazis by the time they reached adulthood" Unknown, 00, Nazi Germany…). The Hitler Youth had been created for after school activities and schools were to play a critical part in developing a loyal following for Hitler with "indoctrination and the use of propaganda were to be a common practice in Nazi schools and the education system" (Unknown, 00, Nazi Germany…). Propaganda and indoctrination being the two foundations of Nazi education is no secret. Hitlers goal was National Socialism, a fascist state that would subdue and rule the world. "Jewish children were banned from the schools." (Unknown, 1, Nazis and…) Since Jewish children were banned from attending school it further isolated them from society and many of them eventually ended up in prison camps or executed.

The Nazi education during World War had completely different motives to those of the current education system. The Nazi regime wanted its youth to continue on the ideologies and beliefs to further its battle for a superior race while the modern education still does the same except the modern society now has different values. The Nazis shaped children's minds to be "brutal, domineering, fearless and cruel" (Hitler, 1) whereas the modern education system teaches the adolescence of today to be materialistic, conforming and submissive. The reason for the differences is the variation in belief of utopia, Nazis believed the key to a superior society was through wiping out so called weaker races while modern society believes the key to a superior society is through wiping out so called weaker ideologies. The dominant ideology in western society closely reflects the values of white, middle class because this is the class that makes up a large percentage of the western world. The common ideology that is enforced today is that a person's success can be measured by comparing themselves to another often comparing the amount of money and power of an individual. "Most advanced industrial societies today are extremely capitalist." (Bottomore, 11)

With Hitler learning his lessons from Soviet revolutionaries, he knew that only "cloaked promises and misleading visions could win the support of the unsuspecting masses and build a compliant army of young radicals" (Kjos, 001). Although modern society's educational and political leaders still stoop to the same low standard but this time it has remained hidden from the general public. In the Nazis establishment fight for what they believed would be a perfect race they used a number of strategies including propaganda, controlling information, creating the Jews as a scapegoat and crushing all the opposition not just physically but mentally. The same methods are still being used today as children at school "are subjected to relentless political propaganda, develop the habit of deferring to government authority and are alienated from the adult world."(Rockwell, 001) Instead of using a race as a scapegoat the education system now uses poverty, refugees and welfare recipients and this is achieved by associating refugees and welfare with poverty and then in turn associating poverty with crime, violence, drugs and depression.

Although the techniques used for discrediting the opposition's beliefs might not be as obvious as it was during the Nazi regime they are still there. During the Nazi period all teachers had to be inspected by local Nazi officials. Any teacher considered disloyal was sacked immediately. All teachers had to be careful about what they said as children were encouraged to inform the authorities if a teacher said something that did not fit in with the Nazis curriculum for schools. Teachers in the modern education system are still told they are not allowed to articulate their personal opinions in a classroom and "opposing the school system's official moral or political stance is almost the only thing a teacher can do to get fired" (Edmonds, 001, Public Educators…). Despite many teachers being able to see the problems with modern education the only option they have is to quit or to conform. "I taught in a government school for 5 years. Ive since asked forgiveness from many friends and neighbors and promise never to do it again" (Perry, 001). Suppressing teachers is the first step in controlling the education of young children because with out teachers support the task of imposing common values to the masses would be almost impossible.

The next step is to be able to turn the students into conformists, once the students have learnt to conform it is easier to enforce certain values and beliefs onto children. There are a number of methods that both the Nazi's and the modern education system have used to encourage children to kowtow. For example both modern schools and Hitler Youth enforced children to wear uniforms to give students not just a feeling of fitting in but belonging to the system. "Encourages identification with the school and promotes school spirit" (Q.D.E, 00, Moranbah…, p8). As well as controlling the clothes worn by children both education systems would restrict different aspects of personal appearance including jewelry, piercing's, presentation and "hair should not be brightly dyed or coloured" (Q.D.E, 00, Moranbah…, p8). The purpose for restricting children's appearance is to enforce the children as conformists instead of giving them the opportunity to be individuals. Another method of turning children into conformists is to threaten them from a young age with punishments for rebelling against authority. The punishments of Nazi Germany would have been very physical compared to those of modern times, the superior members of Hitler Youth were known to bash those that disobeyed orders. If further disobedience occurred that child would be seen as traitor and be sent to juvenile detention centers were regular atrocities would occur. In the modern education system if a child disobeys an authority figure within the education system they are likely to face embarrassment among there peers, detention or if there is regular disobedience a suspension thus excluding and alienating them.

With so many children being forced to attend such a strict education system during both the Nazi period and today there was a large number of children who did not fit in and were eventually turned into the outcasts of society. Once these children have been alienated from society they soon lost all respect for the culture around them and no longer felt compelled to obey the rules or to fit in. In modern times these people often fall out of school and drop into a life of crime, drugs or isolation. While those already alienated from society for example Jewish, Gypsy or handicapped children were often executed "more than 1. million Jewish children, tens of thousands of Gypsy children and thousands of institutionalized handicapped children who were murdered under Nazi rule in Germany and occupied Europe." (Bülow, 00) While the Aryan children alienated from the Nazi education system were lead to a life of crime and gangs. From 18 the authorities became increasingly concerned about the attitudes and activities of gangs of working class youths who were collectively known as Edelweiss Pirates. "Although most Pirates had no explicit political principles, their everyday experience of encounters with National Socialist authority and regimented work and leisure led them into conflict with the Nazis and into anti-Nazi activity" (Selvaggio, 001). They participated in a number of anti-Nazi activities including non-attendance from work and school, graffiti, illegal leaflets, arguing with authority figures, industrial sabotage and physical violence against the Nazi Youth. "With slogans such as 'Down with Hitler', 'The OKW (military high command) is lying', 'medals for murder' and 'Down with Nazi brutality' etc. However often these inscriptions are removed, within a few days new ones appear on the walls again." (Selvaggio, 001). Apart from the instigators the Nazis did not execute large numbers of German youths involved in or sympathetic to the Pirates in the way they executed Jews and Poles. This was partly because the Pirates were "potential workers in armament factories and future soldiers as well as National Socialist ideological concepts such as the healthy stock of German youth is likely to have also played a part in the state's response" (Selvaggio, 001). Although what must be remembered is that these people who failed to fit into the education system are not all criminals or loners. The education system has failed some of the greatest minds in the world for example Albert Einstein and Edgar Allen Poe were both expelled from school and Thomas Edison was the bottom of all his classes. Although for the majority of children the education achieved its goals.

The Nazi and modern education both reproduce model citizens for the different types of society. The main qualities that can be seen in both systems are the inability of students to question what is around them and their ability to just accept their surroundings. The main difference between the children of modern and Nazi education is loyalty, children of today display very little loyalty to their government or community around them while the German children displayed an extreme loyalty not only to its country but to its beliefs and values. "Children were exhorted in school to denounce even their own parents for derogatory remarks about Hitler or Nazi ideology," (Wittenstein, 00) The main reason for the difference in loyalty is that while the Nazis turned their children into passionately patriotic people the modern education system turns their students into cold, aphetic people that have trouble thinking independently. It is not viable to compare the resulting adults from both education systems because of the repute of the Nazi's beliefs and values held in modern society. To truly determine the better education system we would have to ignore the beliefs and values of these children as the merit of an education should not be measured by the beliefs of the children but instead of how well they develop physically, mentally, emotionally, morally and socially.

The modern western education system uses similar techniques of those used in the Germany education system during the Nazi period. In both societies the education system has been used to pass down their knowledge, culture and values to the next generation. Using such techniques as propaganda, discrediting opposition, creating scapegoats and turning children into followers has come at the expense of many as thousands of people are eventually alienated from society. Despite using similar techniques the two education systems teach different values and culture to their children and it is these qualities of an education system that make it impossible to determine a superior education. Although in modern times it might be easier to stand up for what you believe in it does not mean that anyone will listen.

Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr. (001) Bush's Education Plan, http//www.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/busheducation.html.

Perry, Greg (001) Compulsory Government Education, By What Standard?, http//www.lewrockwell.com/orig/perry4.html.

De Coster, Karen (00) Why We Are Not Free, http//www.lewrockwell.com/decoster/decoster65.html.

Behrendt, Edward (17) Hitler Youth,

http//youth.net/memories/hypermail/0554.html.

Edmonds, Brad (001) Public Schools = Hitler Youth?, http//www.lewrockwell.com/edmonds/edmonds5.html.

Wagner, Christopher (001)The Hitler Youth Movement Resource Page,

http//militaryhistory.about.com/library/blhitleryouth.htm?once=true&.

Edmonds, Brad (001) Public Educators Speak for Themselves,

http//www.lewrockwell.com/orig/edmunds7.html.

Queensland Department of Education (00) Education (General Provisions) Act 18,

http//eleanor.sparks.to/homeschool/eqreview/legislation/qldedact18.pdf.

Selvaggio, Terra (001) Eternal War on Hitler Youth,

http//www.geocities.com/kk_abacus/vbutterfly.html.

Billings, John (18) Modern Society, the Media and Imposed Ideologies,

http//www.billings-ovulation-method.org.au/act/reprod_health/whealth.shtml.

Kjos, Berit (001) The Nazi Model For Outcome-Based Education,

http//www.crossroad.to/text/articles/tnmfobe116.html.

Unknown (00) Nazi Germany and Education,

http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Nazis_Education.htm.

'Education, History of,' (15)Microsoft Encarta. CD ROM.

Queensland Department of Education (00) Moranbah State High School, Student Handbook and Diary, Government Printer, Brisbane.

Unknown (1) Nazis and Youth, Church and Opposition,

http//www.ellonacademy.org.uk/history/Standard_Grade_pages/nazis_and_youth.htm

Flick, Deborah (000) Developing and Teaching an Inclusive Curriculum,

http//www.colorado.edu/ftep/diversity/div0.html

Bottomore, Tom (11) Classes in Modern Society,

http//www.socsci.mcmaster.ca/soc/courses/socr/botomore.htm

Bülow, Louis (00) The Holocaust, http//www.auschwitz.dk/docu/Faq.htm

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http//news.asmarino.com/RipplesAndRiddlesOfMemmory/Articles/0801_.asp

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Artistic inspiration

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No matter the discipline, artists find inspiration in a variety of ways. An artists imagination and emotional state play a vital role in the creative process. Artists also use their environment and religious influences to inspire new creations. Finally, one may be forcibly inspired by artistic patronage.

An artists imagination makes an impact on their work. New, unknown images, words, and sounds are formed to create unique masterpieces. Similarly, ones emotional and mental state can pay a pivotal role. For example, Pablo Picasso was known to have dramatic mood changes, swinging from extreme highs to extreme lows. This disorder influenced his rose and blue periods.

An artists environment also contributes to their art. For example a musician or painter may write or paint about things that are native to their surroundings such as an event or seasons.

Religious standings often played a major role for artists, especially in medieval times. The church ruled and artists made sacred music and art which would be used in religious services.

Finally, an artists may be inspired because they are paid to. The patronage system was very popular, especially in the Renaissance and Classicism eras. Often the church or a wealthy family would hire a musician or painter to be at their disposal. A well known story of a commissioned artist was that of Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo was hired to paint a married woman, later identified as the Mona Lisa. After painting her picture it was said that da Vinci loved it so much that he often carried it around with him. Although da Vinci was not personally inspired to paint her picture, it remains one of his most famous pieces of artwork.

Please note that this sample paper on Artistic inspiration is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Artistic inspiration, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Artistic inspiration will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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