Hollow Men T.S. Eliot

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Time period

1 was when Hollow men were created and he was possibly trying to portray Humankind's loss of way from the Church and the sterility of modern technology and inventions. The fact that may technology of resulted in a loss of humanity, loss of identity, and sense of purpose, in their community. This was right after WWI so he was probably saying that the technology and ruthlessness of the war really had devastating effects on people. Yes it was for a country and for a war but in reality that wasn't the case at all people probably felt numb and hollow despite working for this great cause. That and in WWI was a turn point in machinery so technology had aided in a faster mode of transportation of supplies as well as a more efficient way of killing off people (Machine guns, airplanes and bombs). So in a sense the victims of the aftermath of the war were hollow only clinging to bits of life as everything around them had been disintegrated into nothing.

Poem

Constructs a desolate world, (desolate hopelessness) hollow men represent all of mankind and their tragic existence Landscape is fading and is silently descending into a darkness as well as the hollow men in a kind of state of suspension. IN that they can't turn what they want into reality. (Ex. Conception into creation emotion into response etc. ) Also there is a shadow falling between the intentions and the outcomes of these intentions. So good intentions do not always mean a good outcome.

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The Hollow men are sightless colourless immobile and unable to speak, in that this may represent the guilt of not being able to know what comes beyond death. As well as the fact that technology makes us more dependent on that which is not real so we lose our humanity. Hollow representing their lack of spiritual guidance Mistah Kurtz (Conrad's Heart of Darkness a novel where men have no ideological or spiritual guidance) So they cannot see beyond this world as it ends because they haven't discovered some sort of transcendent path. Also hollow in the fact of being afraid to face death or guilt over the deaths of others. Kurtz is both universal genius and hollow man integrity wise and you see a degeneration of his character. Moral hollowness and that absolute power corrupts absolutely. A penny for the old guy Penny doesn't amount to much these days thus despite everything done all the actions accumulate to nothing even the most decisive ones. So esentionally men are worthless or not remembered despite everything that they considered great in their lives (Ex. If a solider dies at war it's a decisive moment but no-one but his family would recognise it).

Highlights man as a finite creature with a finite end despite our attempts to avoid this tragic end. Section I suggestions life without living is hollow section V living without being alive. There is a definite end to life, as we know it so poem about the futility of life

MultiFoliate rose, and violent souls but only as the hollow men as the stuffed men. Redemption is their only answer which is how there's kind of a divine presence despite all the death and desolation. Towards end bits of lord prayer to show that for Christians God does not readily excuse sin thus "life is very long…It's so hard to be good all the time" showing the hollow man's kind of excuse to another life. So there's a reference of souls going to hell in that for Christians if you do not follow God's path you are basically condemned to an afterlife of exile and torture. Another reference to this "crossed staves, In a field…" Which kind of shows the crucification of Christ in a vague sense, in that the hollow men are on crosses in fields. This also shows the hypocrisy of some men who claim to believe in Christ and the Lord but do nothing to help their fellow men.

Penny for the old guy Guy Fawkes day in Britain where Guy Fawks is burned by lighting a scarecrow on fire this is when the British defeated the Irish resembles a hollow man in that he is only made from straw.

Literary Technique

References to several famous plays showing the degeneration of characters and their lack of morality, faith etc. to emphasize the point of hollowness. Ex "We are the hollw men, We are the stuffed men, Leaning together, Headpiece filled with straw." This kind of puts together Eliot's references to Kurtz, the conspirators of Julius Caesar, and the Gay Fawkes day men as the modern day man who are basically an empty and corrupt breed. Since Eliot implies that hollow men are scare crows and in Gay Fawkes day they burn scarecrows, this would show that the sacrifice of the scarecrows/hollow men would be a kind of rebirth and redeem mankind so without hollow men we could possibly flourish. "We Whisper together" follows this, generally whispers show a sealing of fate or conspiracy both of which are themes in the poem.

Written in first person so establishes a relationship to the images "We are hollow men" rather then "they are or you are". So creates the common sense of hollowness. So common responsibility and guilt amongst everyone who reads the play.

Designed almost like acts in a play to show the growing media and possibly propaganda techniques that had started to sprout in the time frame. Showing different time frames and the sections being acts of the gradual progression of events to the end of the world. Such as Section 1 is kind of the drama where you realise there's hollow men in the world. Section II kind of shows the hollow's men sentiments the creation of these hollow men, ending in the final act which seals the fate of these hollow men.

Urban and Rural landscapes are portrayed within the various sections. Sound of "rats feet over broken glass" representing urban disease and decay, or unsanitary conditions or the fact that rats come out when people have died. As well as the constant use of dry landscape depicts the moral and emotional states of the soul, such as all the life has been sucked out of the people from war. Or in way the dry landscape shows the rural landscapes in that rural lands were becoming dry as more and more people flocked to urban centres.

Imagery

Dry landscape is portrayed in imagery gives a tone of exhaustion with dried voices lifelessness shows plight of hollow men "dried voices" "Dry grass" and "Dry cellar"

"shape without form shade without colour paralysed force gesture without motion" Could possibly represent emotions in that they have no shape or colour and some emotions can leave people paralysed in surprise fear shock whatever.

"Such deliberate disguises Rat's coat, crowskin, crossed staves" Animal imagery in that these animals are often found associated to death and crowskin instead of crows could possibly represent the hollow men. Or the facts that the men are trying to disguise themselves shows how they say and look like one thing but actually mean and represent another. Again going back to the hollow theme, of there's nothing inside of them or going off the saying that a man is his word.

First mention of eyes to show the lack of direction of the hollow men. "Those who have crossed with direct eyes to death's other kingdom" shows the lack of guidance for the hollow men or any sort of guidance that these men refuse to acknowledge, At the same time could also mean that people face and succumb to death and cannot turn away from this fact so have to accept it. On the contrary this could also show that those who leave for death's other kingdom have left behind a state of spiritual nothingness, and entered into a recognition of knowledge of this or Heaven in other words. "Eyes I dare not meet in dreams" fear of death of addressing death. This could also mean that if the first reference to eyes is for the hollow men that they are now scared of going to hell (Eyes of souls in hell) and that death's dream kingdom is in fact heaven which and there are no eyes to watch there. "And voices are in the wind's singing more distance and more solemn like a fading star. Heaven is slowly fading away. Later in Section IV see a return of the eyes "The eyes are not here, there are no eyes here" showing that people have an apathy towards death they're still living so it's not really on their minds or they're not in a state to make it in their minds. So there's an indifference towards to those who are dead or soon to be dead. Also this could show the reference to the sterility of the modern world in that eyes that offer hope or shame don't exist. Being afraid to face the eyes of the dead like a criminal could not face the eyes of a victim. "The hope only of empty men"

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THE VARIOUS TYPES OF ELASCTICITY

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Elasticity is the concept in economics that measures the responsiveness of one variable in response to another variable. The best measure of this responsiveness is the proportional or percent change in the variables. This gives the most usable results for any type or range of data. Thus, elasticity is the proportional (or percent) change in one variable relative to the proportional change in another variable.

The general formula for elasticity is

E = Percent change in x

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Percent change in y

An important characteristic of demand is the relationship among market price, quantity demand and consumer expenditure. The nature of demand is such that a reduction in market price will usually lead to an increase in quantity demanded. Given that consumer expenditure is the product of these two variables, the effect of a price reduction will have an uncertain impact on this expenditure. In some cases a reduction in price will be more than offset by a large increase in quantity demanded -- a situation where demand is price sensitive or price elastic. The price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price, with all other factors held constant. The price elasticity of demand, Ed is defined as the magnitude of

= Proportionate change in quantity demanded

proportionate change in price

Arc PED = Q ¨C Q1 x P1 + P

P - P1 Q1 + Q

Point PED = Q ¨C Q1 x P

P - P1 Q

These are some example of leads to a 0% increase in quantity demanded, the price if the PED is greater than one, the good is price elastic. Demand is responsive to a change in price. If for example a 15% fall in price e elasticity = .0

If the PED is less than one, the good is inelastic. Demand is not very responsive to changes in price. If for example a 0% increase in price leads to a 5% fall in quantity demanded, the price elasticity = 0.5

If the PED is equal to one, the good has unit elasticity. The percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to the percentage change in price. Demand changes proportionately to a price change.

If the PED is equal to zero, the good is perfectly inelastic. A change in price will have no influence on quantity demanded. The demand curve for such a product will be vertical.

If the PED is infinity, the good is perfectly elastic. Any change in price will see quantity demanded fall to zero. This demand curve is associated with firms operating in perfectly competitive markets

A relatively elastic demand curve

A relatively inelastic demand curve

The Cross-price elasticity responsiveness of demand for good X following changes in the price of a related good Y. The main use of cross price elasticity concerns changes in the prices of substitutes and complements. For example, an increase in the price of private motoring might cause a change in the market demand for mass (public) transport. Here the prices of two substitutes have changed. Another example is a fall in the price of low cost domestic airfares, leading to an increase in the demand for taxi journeys from airports. In this situation, we see the effect of a change in the price of two complements.

Sometimes the price of one good will shift the demand for another good. For example, an increase in the price of chicken will increase the demand for pork. We measure this response by the cross-elasticity of demand

Ec = % ^ Qty dd a = Qa ¨C Qa1 x Pb1 + Pb

%^ Price b Pb + Pb1 Qa1 ¨C Qa

For example, suppose the price of chicken goes up by 10% and as a result the quantity

Demanded of pork increases by %, with no change in the price of pork or anything else

That would influence the demand for pork. Then the cross-elasticity of demand for pork,

with respect to the price of chicken, is % = 0..

10%

If the cross elasticity is positive, it means that an increase in the price of one good will increase the demand for the other good. When we observe a positive cross-elasticity, we say that the two goods are substitutes, as with chicken and pork. Conversely, butter and margarine are substitutes, so we would expect their cross-elasticity is to be positive.

If the cross-elasticity of demand is negative, that means that an increase in the price of one good cuts the demand for the other. For example, if the price of bicycles went up, we would expect to see a decline in the demand for bike helmets. In this sort of case, we say the goods are complements.

Income elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of demand to a change in the real incomes of consumers. The formula of income elasticity is

Ey = %^ in Q = Q ¨C Q1 x Y1 + Y

%^ in Y Y ¨C Y1 Q1 + Q

The value of income elasticity of demand depends on the nature of the good or service. Luxury goods have an income elasticity of demand greater than one. Inferior goods have negative income elasticity. See inferior goods, luxury goods, and normal necessity goods. Normal goods have a positive income elasticity of demand so as income rise more is demand at each price level. We make a distinction between normal necessities and normal luxuries (both have a positive coefficient of income elasticity). Many luxury goods also deserve the sobriquet of ¡°positional goods¡±. These are products where the consumer derives satisfaction (and utility) not just from consuming the good or service itself, but also from being seen to be a consumer by others.

Necessities have an income elasticity of demand of between 0 and +1. Demand rises with income, but less than proportionately. Luxuries on the other hand are said to have an income elasticity of demand +1. (Demand rises more than proportionate to a change in income). Inferior goods have a negative income elasticity of demand. Demand falls as income rises. In a recession, the demand for inferior products might actually grow (depending on the severity of any change in income and also the absolute co-efficient of income elasticity of demand). For example if we find that the income elasticity of demand for cigarettes is -0., then a 5% fall in the average real incomes of consumers might lead to a 1.5% fall in the total demand for cigarettes (ceteris paribus).

Below is the example of income elasticity graph.

Factors that determine the value of price elasticity of demand

Number of close substitutes within the market - The more (and closer) substitutes available in the market the more elastic demand will be in response to a change in price. In this case, the substitution effect will be quite strong.

Luxuries and necessities - Necessities tend to have a more inelastic demand curve, whereas luxury goods and services tend to be more elastic. For example, the demand for opera tickets is more elastic than the demand for urban rail travel. The demand for vacation air travel is more elastic than the demand for business air travel.

Percentage of income spent on a good - It may be the case that the smaller the proportion of income spent taken up with purchasing the good or service the more inelastic demand will be.

Habit-forming goods - Goods such as cigarettes and drugs tend to be inelastic in demand. Preferences are such that habitual consumers of certain products become de-sensitized to price changes.

Time under consideration - Demand tends to be more elastic in the long run rather than in the short run. For example, after the two world oil price shocks of the 170s - the response to higher oil prices was modest in the immediate period after price increases, but as time passed, people found ways to consume less petroleum and other oil products. This included measures to get better mileage from their cars; higher spending on insulation in homes and car-pooling for commuters. The demand for oil became more elastic in the long run.

LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Dominick Salvatore, 1, Managerial Economic in a Global Economy, nd edn, McGraw-Hill, Inc, United State of America.

. Hal R. Varian, 1,Intermediate Microeconomics, A modern Approach, rd edn, W.W.Norton & Company, New York & London.

. Irvin Turker, 001, Economics for today, rd edn, Thomson, Southern- Western, United States of America.

4. Joseph E. Stiglitz, 1, Principles of Microeconomics, W.W. Norton &Company, New York & London.

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Wild swans

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The 70 Report

Official Script for Wednesday 1 April, 00

Interview with Wang-Yu, Daughter of book WILD SWANS

Brian Good evenimg and welcome to the 70 Report. I'm your host Brian Edwards. Tonight we are taking a glimpse at China and it's harsh ruling by Chairman Mao Zedong and the Communist Party. We will be doing so throught the book Wild Swans (Holds copy of book up) which was written by author Jung Chang, published in 1. The book follows the story of three generations of women (The t.v screen is now alternately showing close-ups of three photos of the women on the front of the book) And their struggle through life, battling political China( screen goes back to interviewer and Wang) I have with me tonight Wang Yu, father of the author Jung Chang. Wangs life story also plays a dominate role throughout the book. Good evening Wang.

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Wang Good evening Brian.

Brian Wild Swans is such an extraordinary book with an amazing story of your families struggles throughout political China. Your daughter Jung Chang has dedicated this book to you. What was your initial reaction after you first read the book?

Wang It took me quite a while to read the book. It stirred every sort of emotion possible in me. Reading parts, such as when De- Hong and myself got married and around that time when in was strongly devoted to the communist party made me angry, upset and vengeful. But when I was reading the part where we had beeen exhiled to the country side I was upset, yet it filled me with confidence and love for my family as my children kept the family together so strongly during that terrible time.

Brian Each person's story has been written in such intricate detail, yours especially. Do you agree?

Wang Oh definitely. I, myself, was totally shocked in the amount of detail in everyone's individual story. I couldn't believe she remembered every little thing, especially emotions, from when she was little. She has been researching for years, tracing family history and movement, spending hours, days and weeks with her mother and myself asking us questions and getting details into every aspect of our lives. In some parts I wish she hadn't gone into so much detail in her work. Such as, once again, the time I was strongly dedicated to the Communist Party especially when my children were born. However, it was the validity of her book to make the world aware of life inside political China, especially the communists and Mao Zedong's reign as emperor.

Brian So you do admit to being an extremist member of the Communist Party?

Wang Yes, as much as I am now ashamed of it, I was indeed an extremist in the Community Party.

Brian As Wild Swans explains one of Mao's many regimes was against nepotism, which is to not favour family members. Due to this, the way Jung Chang has depicted you in the first half of the book is of a man who has neglected and deprived his family of the fundamentals of family life and some medical procedures which were life threatening. I will now read an extract from the book "Near the date I was due to appear, the director suggested to my father that my mother should be moved to a hospital in a larger city, where there were better facilities and specialists obstetricians. He was afraid that when I emerged, the sudden removal of pressure might cause the cavities in my mother's lungs to re-open and produce a hemorrhage. But my father refused, he said his wife had to be treated like everyone else, as the communist party had pledged themselves to combat privilege. When my mother heard this, she thought bitterly that he always seemed to act against her interests and he did not care whether she lived or died." These are words from your wife. If these words are true, how do you feel now towards your attitude you held when you were a strong communist supporter?

Wang Yes those words are true. I don't blame my wife for feeling this way. I'm glad she did. At least one of us remains humane and wasn't totally swept up by the excitement of advancing in the party. Now I do regret being the way I was, neglecting my wife and especially my children. It was a terrible that the party was promoting. I have apologised endlessly to my wife and children for my behaviour back then. But, the more I think about it the more I realise that there was nothing I could have done to prevent my life coming to this point, as much as I regret it now. As Jung has in quite some detail expressed in the book the power Mao had over the people. He brainwashed the entire population into believing he was doing good for all of us! He had very dominant and convincing propaganda regimes which flooded the nation. After he took over the People's Daily (whilst Wang is talking old copies of the People's Daily are being shown on the screen; also billboards and posters which were hung in the city), the paper was filled with all the great deeds the Communist Party had been doing and above all slogans such as "Mao is our Sun". He placed giant posters and billboards around the city. I was quickly taken into the party at an early age. I started as a guerrilla in Jinzhou and was promoted to head of the Secretariat, then a member of Communist Party committee and then promoted again to head of Public Affairs Department in my city. These were all in quiet, quick succession. So as you can imagine, I thought I was doing good and that the party valued and admired the work I was doing for them. They were very influential in everyone's lives, especially in mine at this time or so I thought.

Brian But events such as the famine where thousands of people died, and the whole population starved. The regime in which anyone could dob anyone else in for being a rightist with no evidence and that person and their extended family would be relocated to a life of slavery and expulsion. How could you consider this to be lawful and right for the entire country? How could you not question what was going on?

Wang Well if I was in your position now Brian, I too would be asking the same question. It is incomprehendible to think a whole country could go without questioning what Mao was doing. But really the answer is quite simple. Mao had so much power within China that he controlled everyone and everything. The reason Mao had so much power was because he used scare tactics to threaten the entire population. Like you said Brian, if you were considered a rightist you could have been killed or you and your family would have been exiled to the country side to live a life of slavery. So everyone tried their best to make every effort to please the party. Also the party determines your grade; this was another regime put into place by Mao which determines your standard of living. So if you made little effort to enhance the party you were only given a higher grade. Most of the population in these higher grades died as they were given inappropriate housing and very little food to feed a whole family. So in this sense I was lucky as I was a grade eleven as I was a high official. My family and I had good housing, sufficient food and had rights to a car.

Brian But you, too, got to experience life in the slave camps.

Wang Yes I did. My family and I were expelled to the countryside and my wife and I were put into separate slave camps. This happened after I sent a letter to Mao warning him of these newly appointed officials, whom I knew from previous years, and were bad people. I was arrested by Mao's Red Guards and forced me to make a self confession on why I shouldn't have sent the letter. This eventually drove my insane as I had nothing to confess and was later diagnosed with schizophrenia. I was considered 'anti-Mao' and after my release I was continually beaten by university students, Red Guards and August 6 members. It was then my family and I were expelled. Life was terrible; doing hard manual labour seven days a week. My children weren't sentenced but they stayed with us during those several years and kept us strong.

Brian This is what I can't comprehend. You were so totally loyal to Mao and the Party and so easily he has wiped you from the Communist world. This must have made life seem unbearable.

Wang I wasn't going to give us as I had my family left to fight for. But yes, the party I had dedicated most of my life to had thrown me out so easily. But that was Mao and he did those sorts of things to show others what happens if you're disloyal to the party. The August 6 members that used to beat me; they were only kids, teenagers and early 0's. They felt that had power when Mao allowed them to beat people. Mao had brainwashed them into thinking they were assets to China. Society, when all for the same thing, can be such a powerful force in which nothing can get in it's way without being destroyed, like I was. I feel this book needs to be read by the whole world so we can prevent dictators like this dominating again.

Brian But unfortunately this book is banned in China, is that correct?

Wang Yes it is. We are fighting very hard for it to be allowed.

Brian Well thank you so much Wang. But unfortunately that is all we have time for tonight. Chang's story of a struggle through life during the Communist reign has definitely proven how corrupt a dictator-style of government can be.

Wang Thank you Brian, it's been a pleasure.

Oriental Chinese music plays as the photos that are in the book are shown underneath the credits.

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Diabetes Mellitus

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Diabetes Mellitus A disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from insufficient production of insulin or reduced sensitivity of the body's cells to insulin. Etiology Cause & Origin of

Type 1 DM A condition in which the body is unable to produce insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into most cells in the body (mainly skeletal and adipoctyes). It is understood that this disorder is caused by the body's beta cells of the islets of Langerhan's in the pancreas to be destroyed, requiring the patient to inject insulin regularly, approximately three times a day. It is thought that genetics may have some role in the cause of this disorder considering that in runs in families. Another theory is that environmental factors, such as certain types of viral infections, lack of breast-feeding for at least three months, and the exposure to certain food additives such as nitrates and nitrosamines also contribute to the development of the disease.

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Type DM A condition caused by inadequate pancreatic insulin secretion and tissue resistance to insulin. Mainly this type of DM is associated with a genetic link. Yet several other factors can play a significant role in the development of Type DM such as high blood pressure, high triglyceride (fat) levels, having diabetes while pregnant or giving birth to a child weighing more than nine pounds, a high fat diet, increased or prolonged alcohol intake, a sedentary lifestyle, being obese or overweight, and more.

Epidemiology Incidence, distribution, and factors controlling presence

Diabetes Mellitus affects approximately 7.8 to more than 10 million individuals in the United States population. Type DM affects more people, about 0% of all 65,000 new reported cases each year, while Type 1 DM affects the other 10%. Although more than half of those with Type will eventually require insulin to control their blood sugar levels.

-Type 1 DM is usually recognized in childhood through puberty leading to its alternate name juvenile onset diabetes. It is more commonly found in people of non-Hispanic white, Northern European descent, followed by African Americans and Hispanic Americans and is relatively rare in those of Asian descent. It si also more slightly found in males than females.

-Type DM is usually recognized in adulthood and typically affects obese individuals. It may be controlled initially by weight loss, exercise, or medications. More than 85% of obese children will develop type DM. Certain racial groups such as African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Japanese Americans are at an increased risk of developing this type along with increasing age. Risk begins to rise significantly at about age 45, and rises considerably after 65. Also, this type affects more females than males.

Preventive efforts should be aimed at type DM

• Control weight to normal or near normal levels through eating a healthy low-fat, high fiber diet

• Regular exercise is crucial

• Keep alcohol consumption down

• Stop smoking

Facts

• About 15% of people with Type 1 DM will die before the age of 40 without prognosis.

• A person who is diagnosed with Type DM in their 40s can expect to take 5-10 years off their life expectancy.

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

Early signs and symptoms of both types include an increased urine volume, increased thirst, increased hunger, itching, extreme weight loss, and fatigue. These signs and symptoms typically occur because the body is trying to combat the increased blood sugar levels.

Excessive urination The body is essentially trying to flush the excess sugar out through urination which leads to dehydration because sugar carries large amounts of water out along with it.

Excessive thirst (polydipsia) The body is trying to counteract high sugar levels by sending a message to the brain and translates as thirst. The body encourages more water consumption to dilute the high blood sugar to normal levels. Also, as mentioned above, excessive urination leads to dehydration which leads to increased thirst.

Excessive eating (polyphagia) If the body is able, it will secrete more insulin in order to uptake the excess glucose into the cells. Increased insulin production translates as hunger in the brain. Despite increased caloric consumption, the person notices minimal weight gain and some experience weight loss since the body uses only a small portion of the food calories as fuel.

Fatigue The body is insufficient and unable to use the glucose for adequate fuel. The body switches over to metabolizing fat, also causing weight loss, as a fuel source which requires one to use up more energy (ATP). This in turn leaves the individual feeling fatigued all the time.

Poor wound healing High blood sugar levels prevent leukocytes from functioning normally and defending the body from invading particles and bugs. When these cells don't function properly, wounds take much longer to heal and become infected more frequently. Certain infections such as frequent yeast infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections may result from the suppressed immune system.

Altered mental status Decreased levels of consciousness, agitation, or confusion all can be signs of increased blood sugar levels.

Risks caused by DM Over a long period of time, this condition develops into hyperglycemia which can cause damage to retina of the eye, the kidneys, the nerves, and blood vessels.

• Elevated blood sugars lead to impairment of the body's normal ability to fight infections

• Damage to the retina leads to blindness

• Damage to kidneys leads to kidney failure

• Damage to the nerves leads to foot wounds and ulcers

• Damage to the nerves in the autonomic nervous system can lead to paralysis of the stomach, chronic diarrhea, and an inability to control heart rate and blood pressure with posture changes

• Diabetes accelerates atherosclerosis, formation of fatty plaque inside artery walls which can lead to blockages which can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Acute and Chronic Complications

-Type 1 DM Signs and symptoms are often dramatic and very acute, often associated with a childhood illness or injury. The extra stress can cause diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a potentially life-threatening condition in which the body loses most or all of its ability to use sugar for fuel. Thus, the byproducts, ketones, of using fat accumulates. High levels of ketones can increase the acidity of the blood and cause nausea and vomiting. Dehydration and often-serious disturbances in blood salt levels follow. DKA can lead to coma and death. Acetone is a volatile ketone in the body that accounts for the characteristic "fruity odor" of Diabetic individuals.

-Type DM Symptoms are often subtle and may be attributed to aging or obesity. A condition related to DKA, hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar, nonketotic syndrome (HHNS), can occur in these individuals. The life-threatening problem in this case is caused by severely elevated blood sugar levels and can also lead to coma and death.

Treatment/Management Protocols

Management of this disorder includes maintaining a healthy, well balanced and consistent (eating roughly the same amount of calories and eating at approximately the same time of day) diet high in fiber, low in saturated fat, and low in concentrated sweets. Regular exercise helps reduce complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, and leg ulcers. Any form of exercise is recommended and one can even gain effectiveness through just walking 0 minutes a day three times a week. Finally, it is crucial to monitor one's blood glucose levels.

Treatment of DM is highly individualized, depending on the type one has, whether other medical problems exist, whether complications are present, and one's age and general health at time. Education is essential in its treatment.

• Type1 DM Treatment almost always involves routine insulin injections, usually a combination of short-acting insulin such as regular or lispro insulin and long-acting insulin such as NPH, lente, oltralente. Usually injections are given - times per day around mealtimes. Keeping accurate records of blood sugar and insulin dosages and eating consistent healthy meals helps aid one's treatment.

• Type DM Depending on how elevated one's blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin are, treatment may simply consist of weight loss for -6 months and then one is rechecked. If they remain high one is placed on oral medication, usually sulfonylurea (Tolbutamide, Glipizide), which stimulates insulin release, blocking potassium channels on beta islets and depolarization opens calcium channels. One's doctor may also use a combination of oral medications and insulin injections to control blood sugar levels.

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What is an American

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What is an American? There is no simple answer to this question, it is forever evolving. The idea of an "American" is much like a tree. Deep within root there lie the foundations or ideas that will with time form into the entire tree. From these roots or ideas a concrete trunk forms slowly, a solid poise that is the shared belief system. The trunk creates a support and balance that is necessary for the tree as it further develops. Deep inside there are rings, one inside the other that represents each of these shared beliefs. They are deep inside the trunk of the tree. From the trunk or from these beliefs new ideas begin to branch out until there are hundreds of budding limbs. To put this complex idea simply, it is a metamorphic concept that is continually branching out from the roots of its set beliefs. In my opinion John Winthrop best represents the complex rings that formed the trunk of early colonial thinking, while Thomas Paine became one of the first American writers who began to slowly branch out. John Winthrop's works were among the first to reflect early Americans shared belief systems, including evidence of the doctrines of mission. Years later, Thomas Paine's work still detained traces of these shared beliefs, however with the years they had evolved into new a form .

John Winthrop's works which come from "A Modell of Christian Charity" strongly reflects the system of shared beliefs that existed during this time. The Puritan people strongly believed in the idea of predestination. They believed God had already chosen who would be saved; these people were known as the "elect." To the Puritans no earthly deed would grant you salvation; only if you were among the elect would you be saved. This notion consequently led to a constant self-questioning by the Puritans. They were always looking for signs of whether or not they were one of the elect. They became obsessive with this whole notion known as the "Covenant of Grace". Winthrop's piece, which served as a sermon in it's time, affirms this common belief and attempts to map out the ideas existing in this covenant by using a rhetorical method. For example, in his opening, he states "God Almightie in his most holy and wise providence hath soe disposed of the Condicion of mankinde, as in all times some must be rich some poore, some highe and eminent in power and dignitie; others meane and in subjeccion." (Winthrop 6) With this statement he affirms the idea that God has pre-chosen who will be saved. He also begins to touch on the idea of separate economic classes, and how they exist for the benefit of those who God has predestined to be saved. He further goes on to explain "The Reason Hereof" as to why this separation exists. The puritans commonly believed that some people were predestined to be poor as others were to be rich. This was all for a purpose, and having this separation of classes was good for the entire community. Winthrop supports this belief as he states "To hold conformity with the rest of his workers, being delighted to shewe forthe the glory of his widsome in the variety and differances of the Creatures and the glory of his power, in ordering all these differences for the preservacion and good of the whole" (6). They further believed that the "good" of this separation of classes was that those who were saved, or the rich, would be able to perform good deeds for the benefit of their salvation.

While Winthrop's sermon strongly reflects the common belief in the "Covenant of Grace" among the Puritan people, it provides just as strong a reflection for the "Doctrine of Mission". This mission was one of the most prominent beliefs that existed during this era. They believed that Israelites messed up by killing Christ. In the shadow of this mistake, the Puritans wanted to create a New Jerusalem; they wanted to be the "city upon the hill." In other words, they believed that Christ would come again, but only if they were successful in creating this so called city on the hill, and this was only possible by following the covenant of Grace. Winthrop's sermon serves as a sort of outline on how to successfully achieve this mission. His sermon reads, "for wee must Consider that wee shall be as the Citty upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken and soe cause him to with drewe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story…" In other words, Winthrop is echoing the strong belief that they must become the greatest city in the world, that all eyes will be on them, and Christ will come again, but only when they have fulfilled the covenant of grace, which he outlines diligently in this piece. Because his piece so strongly echoes the doctrines of both missions and grace, two very predominant belief systems in their time, Winthrop is a sturdy reflection of the shared beliefs systems that began to shape America.

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Over more than a hundred years later, a man named Thomas Paine published a piece called "Common Sense." In this piece Paine makes a bold argument for American independence from Great Britian. He begins to reshape this idea of the "City on the hill" by arguing that America can achieve greater success by forming a republican government, far different from Great Britain's monarchy. It is here that we begin to see a shift in how the city upon the hill should be achieved. The puritans believed that through God and his covenant of Grace America would become the greatest and most powerful city. Here you see this idea begin to branch out, and many writers to come will follow this trend and argue for this city on the hill by economic means. However, the doctrine of mission is still evident. At one point in this piece Paine states, "'Tis repugnant to reason, to the universal order of thins, to all examples from former ages, to suppose that this continent can long remain subject to any external power. The sanguine in Britain doth not think so. The utmost stretch of human wisdom cannot, at this time, compass a plan, short of separation, which can promise the continent even a year's security" (Paine 88). In other words he is saying, it makes no sense that America is being controlled by an outside source, and that if they do not separate, they will lose any chance of becoming powerful. He states that they must separate immediately so that they will be guaranteed some sense of "security", security that is for becoming a superpower. He also goes onto state some ideas of what America should be. "A government of our own is our natural right; and when a man seriously reflects on the precariousness of human affairs, he will become convinced, that it is infinitely wiser and safer, to form a constitution of our own in a cool deliberate manner, while we have it in our power." (88) This quote shows the beginning of the reshaping of the shared beliefs system, and how they shifted to a more economic interest in terms of someday achieving that total power. Paine's article is said to have been one of the most influential components to the American Revolution. Americans read his works and began to understand that a separation from Great Britian was crucial if they wanted to achieve a greater power all their own. This way of thinking spread quickly in American, and eventually led to the war, and later to the separation. Some of his ideas were then further shaped, as America did in fact establish a government of their own.

John Winthrop and Thomas Paine both demonstrate evidence of shared belief systems that have in essence been preserved throughout the years. Though new attitudes ways of thinking, and values alter these shared beliefs they stem from the same root. The roots of an American date back to ideas and dreams that some of the first settlers brought with them to the "new world." These ideas later developed into a solid belief system that created the foundation for all future beliefs. John Winthrop and his piece from "A Modell of Christian Charity" strongly mirror the common belief systems shared during the early colonial period. While Thomas Paine's ideas began to stem out from these very same concepts, they took on a new form. Though his ideas are a reconstruction, still evident is this idea of America one day becoming the city on the hill. Today we are branching out even more, but still at the root and deep within the rings of our constant evolving tree lay this whole notion that we must be the world superpower. And for this I quote President Bush following the September 11th attacks, whose speeches echo the likes of John Winthrop, further evidence that our shared beliefs have survived generations… "Our nation -- this generation -- will lift a dark threat of violence from our people and our future. We will rally the world to this cause by our efforts, by our courage. We will not tire, we will not falter, and we will not fail."

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Kenny Healing Cult

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Geri Lee Lee

Sociology

April , 00

Ed Davis

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Mid Term

In his article titled "The Kenny Healing Cult Preliminary Analysis of Leadership and Patterns of Interaction," sociologist J. E. Hulett, Jr. discusses the roles of the leader, followers, and the opposition of a cult associated with Sister Elisabeth Kenny. He also points out some of the behavior associated with these roles. He begins by discussing the difficulty in conducting any objective research on cults because of their early history. Most often than not many people have already formed opinions of these cults. This is the case with the Kenny Healing Cult.

The Kenny Healing Cult was a medical movement in the treatment of childhood paralysis. Elisabeth Kenny, the leader of this cult, was believed by her followers to be a saint of some sort. Many believed that she possessed special mental powers and had a special calling for the work that she performed. At a time when Polio outbreak was at its worse it's no wonder those who were suffering from, or those who had loved ones suffering from this terrible disease were searching for a miracle. They flocked to her for guidance and healing from this terrible disease. Elisabeth Kenny also believed herself to be somewhat of a heroin. She was always sure to over emphasize the hardships she endured in trying to gain acceptance of her method of healing or treatment for childhood paralysis. In her autobiography Sister Kenny draws a romantic picture of her life of sacrifice, and her struggle against the scientists and doctors who were against her. She also made sure others knew of her sacrifices and commitment to the way of life she chose.

According to Hulett's article, Sister Kenny did have great success with her treatment, however, there was still opposition. Some doctors disagreed with her methods of treatment. They claimed that her methods were harsh and dangerous. Her procedures included "vibratory massage" which required a forcible grip along with hot wet compresses. Doctors were concerned that this could cause fractures or broken bones. Although she didn't claim to have a cure for the disease, and some tried to trick her into claiming this, Elisabeth Kenny did believe that she had discovered an entirely new concept of the disease. She changed her role, from someone who performed a duty for fellow humans to someone who had discovered something great, in her mind she was a super woman. One view of hers that tended to get her into trouble with many in the medical community was her strong opinion that polio was a muscle disease and was not a disease of the central nervous system. She claims that this new concept is the complete opposite than that of the doctors. Many doctors confirm that she was using some new techniques, but overall she really hadn't discovered a new concept.

Many scientists disliked Sister Elisabeth Kenny. At least they disliked the fact that she was so easily capable of persuading the public to be more open to her ideas about the treatment and concepts of childhood paralysis. The scientists were concerned about how she would make them look. They had been given a sizable amount of money to fund their research and did not seem to get as far as Sister Kenny did with treatment. They were very unhappy about her research methods and they disagreed with her findings. The scientists believed that in order to make the claims she was making, Kenny needed to conduct her research in the proper manner. Some research was done and determined that her method of treatment, although successful in many cases, also had some bad side affects that weren't made known to the public as readily as her successful cases. She believed her results were enough to be noted and accepted by the scientists and the medical world. All in all, the scientists were worried about their public image and popularity.

Others concerned about their public image and popularity included newspapers, magazines, the American Medical Association, the National Foundation, and the politicians. Hullet Jr. brings up a point involving most of these groups. The American Medical Association and the National Foundation both depend upon the general public for the funds needed to operate. Hullet believes that, in an effort for the AMA and the National Foundation to keep their funding, the demand by the public for a conclusion, either in favor of or against Sister Elisabeth Kenny's treatment methods, may have affected the outcome of the results given. The newspapers and magazines along with the politicians used or exploited this movement for their own advantage. Politicians used it for a vote. They knew what the public wanted and gave it to them. The newspapers printed what the public wanted to here, as did the magazines. Unless research was conducted on the subject of exploitation of this particular movement, it is hard to know whether or not the findings of the scientists and doctors are accurate.

Sister Elisabeth Kenny was a nurse who had developed a new treatment for childhood paralysis, she was thought of very highly by the public and by those she treated and made well. Although there was opposition she continued to try and gain acceptance from science and from the medical world. She achieved a success of some sort, but the possibility of this success being legitimate is questionable. It is unknown as to what extent her success can be contributed to the use of persuasion of public demand, or by the treatment that she had discovered. Until research is conducted, however, we will never know. There were many different groups involved in this cult and we can now see the many different roles they played. In an effort to further understand this movement we will look at present day facts.

The author of this article mentioned above, J E Hullet Jr. gathered much of his information from newspaper articles, namely the Times-Harrald. He also received much of his information and data from medical encyclopedias, and medical books based on Polio and childhood paralysis.

Todays information on Sister Elizabeth Kenny is gathered in much the same way. Many of the articles I reviewed for this information were basically the same.

Today, Sister Elizabeth Kenny is still looked upon as a heroin. The term used to describe her now is "polio pioneer." Before she died Sister Kenny had an institute named after her which was dedicated to the treatment of childhood paralysis. This institute is still used today. Two years after Sister Kenny died a polio vaccine was invented which was used to stop the spread of the disease.

Sister Elizabeth Kenny is admired by so many today. All those who read her autobiography and watch the movie which was made according to her book, seem to walk away with a sense of sadness. They all seem to feel as though Sister Kenny was mistreated. A doctor of Gastroenterology and Hepatology named Mark W. Swain wrote an essay about Sister Kenny. In his essay he describes her as "polio Pioneer" as did many others. She is described in much the same way as the first article by Hullet Jr. As I see it , The Kenny healing Cult is still, to some degree, on going.

A second article from the internet titled, " And They Shall Walk," describes Sister Kenny in about the same way. The article, author unknown, claims that Sister Kenny's legacy is a mixed one. On one hand there is a woman who had a very hard time accepting any opinion other than her own, on the other hand a woman who changed history forever. She added new light on the concepts and treatment of a very debilitating disease. She helped the doctors to look past the blinders and see new ideas.

In reviewing this and other articles I have found nothing has changed. Any literature about Sister Elizabeth Kenny is worded and written in basically the same form. She was viewed as a great woman who did great things and loved children. She helped her fellow man sacrificed a lot in order to help others get through this terrible disease, but not without letting others know of her terrible sacrifices. She always made sure her work wasn't done in vain. Her followers, those who believed in the cause, couldn't see past the wonderful discoveries and the success she had. They were blinded by the wonder of her work. Those who were opposed to her could not see past their own conceded minds. They were so worried about their image that they didn't take the time to look at the information Sister Elizabeth Kenny was practically throwing in their faces. The newspaper magazines didn't care about any of the information they were putting out into public view. They wanted the story , just like today, no matter what the cost. The politicians did the same thing, exploitation. They used the situation to their advantage, causing problems for those who were trying to control the situation, and gaining acceptance by the public for doing so. The public wanted Sister Kenny to be real, and everything they heard or read about her to be real, as far as the treatment was concerned. She was and is still a hero to almost anyone who had heard of her, or anyone who hears of her now. Anyone who is not threatened by her that is.

1) Website-Minnesota Public Radio. www.news.mpr.org/features/0008/_olsond-sisterkinnet/part4.shtml title- Gentle Hands- Sister Kennys Legacy, author-Dan Olson

) Website-Minnesota Public . www.news.mpr.org/features/0008/_olsond-sisterkinnet/part4.shtml title- Gentle Hands- Fear of Polio Grips The Nation, author-Dan Olson

) Website-Minnesota Public Radio. www.news.mpr.org/features/0008/_olsond-sisterkinnet/part4.shtml title- Gentle Hands- Elizabeth Kennys Early Career, author-Dan Olson

4) Website- www.ott.zynet.co.uk/polio/lincolnshire/library/drhenry/srkenny.html title-A Dogma Upended From Down Under Sister Elizabeth Kennys Polio Treatment, author- Mark W. Swaim, MD, PhD

5) Website- www.64.6.1.11/0_educators/teacher/willwalk.htm title- "And They Shall Walk," author- unknown

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Berrylium

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„h Beryllium dust enters the air from burning coal and oil. This beryllium dust will eventually settle over the land and water.

„h It enters water from erosion of rocks and soil, and from industrial waste. Some beryllium compounds will dissolve in water, but most stick to particles and settle to the bottom.

„h Most beryllium in soil does not dissolve in water and remains bound to soil.

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„h Beryllium does not accumulate in the food chain.

People working or living near beryllium industries have the greatest potential for exposure to beryllium. Lung damage has been observed in people exposed to high levels of beryllium in the air. About 1-15% of all people occupationally-exposed to beryllium in air become sensitive to beryllium and may develop chronic beryllium disease (CBD), an irreversible and sometimes fatal scarring of the lungs. CBD may be completely asymptomatic or begin with coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, and/or fatigue. Beryllium has been found in at least 55 of the 1,61 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Beryllium can be harmful if you breathe it. The effects depend on how much you are exposed to and for how long. If beryllium air levels are high enough (greater than 1000 £gg/m), an acute condition can result. This condition resembles pneumonia and is called acute beryllium disease Occupational and community air standards are effective in preventing most acute lung damage.

Some people (1-15%) become sensitive to beryllium. These individuals may develop an inflammatory reaction in the respiratory system. This condition is called chronic beryllium disease (CBD), and can occur many years after exposure to higher than normal levels of beryllium (greater than 0. £gg/m). This disease can make you feel weak and tired, and can cause difficulty in breathing. It can also result in anorexia, weight loss, and may also lead to right side heart enlargement and heart disease in advanced cases. Some people who are sensitized to beryllium may not have any symptoms. The general population is unlikely to develop acute or chronic beryllium disease because ambient air levels of beryllium are normally very low (0.0000-0.000 £gg/m).

Swallowing beryllium has not been reported to cause effects in humans because very little beryllium is absorbed from the stomach and intestines. Ulcers have been seen in dogs ingesting beryllium in the diet. Beryllium contact with skin that has been scraped or cut may cause rashes or ulcers.

Chronic beryllium disease, or CBD, is an inflammation in the lungs that can occur when a person is exposed to respirable beryllium fumes, dusts or powder, and subsequently demonstrates an allergic reaction to beryllium. CBD is an occupational disease that may occur in the manufacture of metallic beryllium, beryllium oxide ceramic, or alloys containing beryllium. It was first identified more than 50 years ago.

Not everyone who is exposed to beryllium fumes, dusts or powder will develop CBD; most people do not. Researchers now believe that the tendency to develop CBD is genetically determined and results from an allergic sensitivity. Some individuals develop an allergy to beryllium upon exposure and are, therefore, more likely to develop CBD.

Some people who are diagnosed with CBD do not develop clinical symptoms at all. In others, the disease can lead to clinical symptoms that include scarring and damage of lung tissue, causing shortness of breath, wheezing and/or coughing. Extreme cases of CBD can cause disability or death. The course of the disease can range from a few years to decades.

Beryllium disease primarily affects the lungs. The disease occurs when people inhale beryllium dust or fumes. Skin disease with poor wound healing and rash or wart-like bumps can also occur. A person can develop beryllium disease even after being away from the beryllium industry for many years. There are two forms of beryllium disease

Acute Beryllium Disease usually has a quick onset and resembles pneumonia or bronchitis. It is now rare due to improved industrial protective measures designed to reduce beryllium exposure levels.

Chronic Beryllium Disease has a very slow onset. It still occurs in 1-6% of exposed people. It is caused by an allergic reaction to beryllium. Even brief or small exposures can lead to this disease.

Does beryllium cause cancer? Beryllium has been shown to cause cancer in several species of animals. Workers in some beryllium producing facilities have had an increased rate of lung cancer, as have beryllium cases in the U.S. Beryllium Case Registry. Beryllium has recently been classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

What Are My Chances of Getting Beryllium Disease?

Only 1-6% of exposed people will develop beryllium disease. However, certain work tasks have been associated with disease rates as high as 16%. Recent genetic research has shown that approximately 40% of the population has a genetic marker that has been associated with susceptibility to disease in some individuals. Beryllium disease occurs among people exposed to dust or fumes from beryllium metal, metal oxides, alloys, ceramics or salts. Even very small amounts of exposure to beryllium can cause disease in some people. You are at risk of developing beryllium sensitization even after you leave beryllium exposure. The risk continues the rest of your life, even if you tested normal for beryllium sensitization at one time.

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Beryllium Disease?

Beryllium disease is often accompanied by several abnormalities. Some symptoms that you may notice include

Cough

Shortness of breath, especially with activity

Fatigue

Weight loss and/or loss of appetite

Fevers

Night sweats

Magnesium

What are some current issues and controversies about magnesium?

Magnesium and blood pressure

Evidence suggests that magnesium may play an important role in regulating blood pressure (4). Diets that provide plenty of fruits and vegetables, which are good sources of potassium and magnesium, are consistently associated with lower blood pressure (0-). The DASH study (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) suggested that high blood pressure could be significantly lowered by a diet high in magnesium, potassium, and calcium, and low in sodium and fat (-6). In another study, the effect of various nutritional factors on incidence of high blood pressure was examined in over 0,000 U.S. male health professionals. After four years of follow-up, it was found that a greater magnesium intake was significantly associated with a lower risk of hypertension (7). The evidence is strong enough that the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure recommends maintaining an adequate magnesium intake as a positive lifestyle modification for preventing and managing high blood pressure (8-0).

Magnesium and heart disease

Magnesium deficiency can cause metabolic changes that may contribute to heart attacks and strokes (1-). There is also evidence that low body stores of magnesium increase the risk of abnormal heart rhythms (4), which may increase the risk of complications associated with a heart attack. Population surveys have associated higher blood levels of magnesium with lower risk of coronary heart disease (4-6). In addition, dietary surveys have suggested that a higher magnesium intake is associated with a lower risk of stroke (7). Further studies are needed to understand the complex relationships between dietary magnesium intake, indicators of magnesium status, and heart disease.

Magnesium and osteoporosis

Magnesium deficiency may be a risk factor for postmenopausal osteoporosis (4). This may be due to the fact that magnesium deficiency alters calcium metabolism and the hormone that regulates calcium (1). Several studies have suggested that magnesium supplementation may improve bone mineral density (4), but researchers believe that further investigation on the role of magnesium in bone metabolism and osteoporosis is needed.

Magnesium and diabetes

Magnesium is important to carbohydrate metabolism. It may influence the release and activity of insulin, the hormone that helps control blood glucose levels (15). Elevated blood glucose levels increase the loss of magnesium in the urine, which in turn lowers blood levels of magnesium [(14). This explains why low blood levels of magnesium (hypomagnesemia) are seen in poorly controlled type 1 and type diabetes.

In 1, the American Diabetes Association issued a consensus statement that concluded Adequate dietary magnesium intake can generally be achieved by a nutritionally balanced meal plan as recommended by the American Diabetes Association. It recommended that ... only diabetic patients at high risk of hypomagnesemia should have total serum (blood) magnesium assessed, and such levels should be repleted (replaced) only if hypomagnesemia can be demonstrated (18).

Please note that this sample paper on Berrylium is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Berrylium, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Berrylium will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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