Organisational Analysis and Design

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Introduction

The concept of a frame of reference was adapted from work on cognitive frameworks . It has since been adapted by Bolman and Deal within the broad context of management theory to construct a conceptual framework for the analysis of organizations. Dunbar ,Garud and Raghuram expanded the concept of a multi-framed firm to emphasize the concept of deframing. Deframing advocates the constant re-evaluation of established frameworks to creatively meet managerial challenges.

A managers frame of reference is taken to mean a referential frame outlined in Bolman and Deals work. That a managers frame of reference is an enabling asset is taken to mean that by using only one of the four frames to interpret a given situation, a manager will be effective in pursuing an organizations overall goals.

Development of the argument shall begin by outlining some of the criticisms against a multi-framed approach that bring into doubt its utility. It will then be argued that whereas single-minded determination to utilize existing competencies may work well in protected markets, the propensity of governing authorities to reduce barriers, as well as lowered entry costs, has resulted in the opening up of markets to increased competition. A multi-framed approach is not only desirable in order to address the challenges of increased competition, it is in fact a necessary precondition to working within those markets.

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Criticisms of a multi-framed approachClearly, Bolman and Deal are against what they see as prevailing management practice of viewing most problems from one perspective within their framework.

Ideally, managers combine multiple frames into a comprehensive approach to leadership

Examples given by Bolman and Deal of the use reframing approach are often hypothetical and academic. Their examples are also often retrospective. A manager who works in the here and now is not able to conceive of their organization in the future . Cognitive limits exist in the extent to which multiple frames can be conceived and communicated. As well as the limitations inherent in the world ultimately being framed in the language of common business parlance . Aside from academic criticisms of reframing, the ability of management to enact change in an organization is limited by an individual managers lack of control over a situation or his or her lack of power

Given the limitations of a multi-framed approach there is a propensity towards arguing for managers to develop strong competencies in a particular area to align themselves with their organizations core strategic values. Examples in Bolman and Deals work are dominated by real world situations of managers characterized as working within specific frameworks, often achieving exceptional outcomes. Few empirical examples of managers actively working within multiple frameworks are provided other than imagined ones. In fact in outlining their reasons for advocating a multi-framed approach Bolman and Deal are merely prescriptive. Contrary to their intended aim, Bolman and Deal have shown by empirical example that commitment to durable values is more of a salient factor in determining outcomes than elastic strategies .

In arguing for a Multi-framed approach Dunbar have advanced the idea that competitive pressures necessitate change. For that change to be effective firms must expose themselves to risk by employing exploratory measures to enact novel means to adapt to an unstable business environment . A deframing approach can inform such measures.

However , there may be limitations to the types of organizations that need to embrace such an approach. Established firms have the benefit of being able to create contingencies by devoting resources to forward planning. Some firms have been able to carve a stable niche in an unchanging industry. Some organizations operate in protected markets or have reached a dominant foothold in an industry and occupy near monopoly status in multiple segments within a market.

Counter Criticisms

It is difficult to think of companies that have not had to react to threats from less significant entities or adapt to the imposition of increased regulation. Perhaps the most graphic example of both of these pressures is Microsofts recent concerns over its obligations to comply with U.S. legislation in the bundling of its operating system, leading to the possible forced breakup of the company As well as its decision to abandon its development of Java technology due to Suns antitrust suit Microsoft also faces substantial competition in the area of desktop operating system software. For over a decade the desktop operating system has been Microsofts mainstay in providing revenue to support its diversification into the business enterprise software and entertainment , and consumer electronics markets .

The German interior ministry has stated an explicit policy to move away from proprietary software in an effort to stem rising, recurrent capital outflows. This is starting to influence contracts at the regional government level. The South Australian government has recently stated an objective to allow Linux an equal standing in competitive tenders to its proprietary equivalents and has moved to enact this into legislation. In this instance competition has come from the open source movement . An essentially structureless, global, infinitely flat entity that cannibalizes its products as a matter of course. Inherently it is an organization driven by its consumers. The open source movement opitomises many of the extreme characteristics of the new structural form of organization. As a competitor it is a difficult target to engage. Its survival is almost certainly assured since as an organization it does not exist as a legal corporate entity.

New organizational forms have arisen in competitive markets as a reaction to extreme circumstances of competition. The main motivation for businesses to develop into such forms is to achieve a competitive advantage in order to meet the challenges of survival in the marketplace. Competition has been intensified by large companies achieving synergistic alliances with organizations in an attempt to create structural contingencies and gain market share. Criticism of the use of a reframing approach in the management of organizations do not take into account the benefits of an exploratory approach to address the challenges that exist in hyper- competitive environments .

A dominant factor in ensuring the survival of an organization is its ability to manage change in cases of extreme environmental flux. The rise of new organizational forms has come about as a result of increasingly open markets with more players of differing sizes and strengths, offering a wider array of services to an increasingly global marketplace. More recently issues of corporate governance have become an issue exposing firms to legislative restrictions. The rise of the super-fund also exposes the company to an increased democratization and a need for increased accountability to shareholders. .

A reframing approach is not only relevant in creating viable contingencies by planning for experimental forays into new markets to drive profits. A multi-framed approach is relevant to managers as markets and firms themselves begin to resemble highly pressurized political arenas. Such political factors are evident not only externally in the organizations environment , but also internally in the form of intra-departmental competition. A multi-framed approach becomes increasingly relevant to individuals working in organizations where

The image of firm control and crisp rationality often attributed to managers has little relevance to the messy world of complexity, conflict and uncertainty that they inhabit.

Palmer and Dunford in their survey of organizational forms cite the network as being one of the most popular forms rising out of a hyper-competitive context. Generally, new organizational forms are held together by relationship building in an environment that necessitates the frequent switching of contexts amongst affiliated entities of varying allegiances to the core organization. A managers ability to maintain a mental image of the four frames that make up the organization can also be helpful in promoting an organizational identity to its disparate constituent parts characterized by fuzzy boundaries, outsourced labor and high staff turnover. Bolman and Deal frequently describe the difficulties encountered in attempting to facilitate communication between individuals who view the organization through conflicting, singular frames of reference.

New organizational forms offer challenges to managers not only in the political sphere. In the structural frame challenges of maintaining flexible strategic links are paramount. In the human resource frame the challenge of maintaining a core operating framework and facilitating knowledge transfer exist. In the cultural frame, identifying and promoting a set of core values to encourage co-ordinated work efforts is important.

Conclusion

It has been argued that a multi-framed approach is not only a desirable alternative to a single framed approach, it is necessary. Such an approach is enabling in a sense that it allows a manager to manage change in their organization and adapt to increasingly inconstant, competitive business environments. However, managers need to balance a single frame dominated approach emphasizing core values with one that is experimental and creates new contingencies. At times they must occupy the paradoxical position of operating within multiple frameworks to encourage the promotion of a simplified single view to a broader audience. Bolman and Deal advocate a general approach toward viewing the world through multiple lenses. Yet there are few simple rules as to how to operate successfully within multiple frameworks. The alternative is to react to competitive pressures as they arise using existing competencies. The speed and extent to which markets have undergone substantial change and the ability of other market entities to flexibly adapt to change is increasingly making this option untenable.

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Ikea

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1.0 IKEA's Retail Operations

Ikea is a - storey durable good store located at Alexandra Road. IKEA belongs to a specialty store finding its niche as selling beautiful and durable furniture at prices so low that the majority of people can afford them. They pride themselves as a store which provides well-designed and functional home furnishing products.

.0 Image and promotion

IKEA cares for their customers and represents a family image where the entire family can shop together. IKEA reduces their prices every year so that they will always be on the side of the customer.

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They care for the comfort of children by having colourful ballroom and video room for children to play and watch. IKEA also have special children's menu, high chairs, baby care rooms and microwave ovens for warming milk. Cereals and baby food are also sold in the restaurant.

On the other hand, IKEA also watched for the handicapped by providing wheel chairs and special carts that can be attached to the wheel chairs for their convenience.

Ikea has blurred the line between those who shop on lifestyle and those who shop on budget.

.1 Loyalty Programs

IKEA friends card is issued when customers purchased items totaling more than $00 in a single receipt in a single day. As a member, the customer can buy selected items at benefit prices as well as accumulating Bonus points through their purchases which can be exchanged with the bonus gifts shown in the website and also displayed at the friends counter. Other than that, members will also enjoy cups of free coffee, tea or dispensed soft drinks and members discounted meal for persons everyday. Customers may enjoy exclusive opportunities to attend to talks, seminars, workshops and activities organised for members and not excluding special preview to Annual Sales. Free newletters and promotional materials will be sent to friends members periodically. All these will allow IKEA build interactive relationship with their customers.

.0 Customers

IKEA appeals to the opposite ends of these consumer pools. It has adopted a new trinity of design form, function and an affordable price in an effort to redefine the relationship between low prices, quality, and aesthetic value. Their goal is to eliminate a tradeoff between the three.

Ikea's attractive modern designs appeal to people who were already conscious and concerned with the aesthetic quality of commodities they bought, yet, by offering them at such low prices. They've removed the added sign value of wealth that used to be synonymous with Design. The new sign value thrift

4.0 Pricing

Customers are charged the price where majority of people can afford to purchase IKEA products. Ikea has many techniques that cut the cost of the product, the most important being that the Ikea company has almost complete control over the creation of its products; from their design, through the choice of materials, to its construction, and finally to its marketing and placement., saving the costs of a middleman. Apart from that, Ikea saves money are by selling all of their furniture as assemble yourself, spacing their stores close to their distribution centers, and, they prides themselves by being flexible and creative and thrifty in the face of problems.

5.0 Merchandising

IKEA products can be classified under furniture department and market Hall. Under Furniture department, it is classify under different rooms, ranges from the living room furniture to the entrance and hallways. Under the living room furniture, there are glass door cabinets, armchairs to foot stools, etc. As for the entrance and hallways, there are shoe racks and cabinets as well as hats and coat racks for customer to select from.

IKEA furniture is flat packed as it would be cheaper for IKEA to store and transport. They put their furniture through vigorous testing to ensure it can stand up to anything. IKEA customers have to assemble the furniture by themselves to reduce the cost of paying someone in a factory to assemble the products. IKEA designers create the price tag first as their main concern is to make good quality products at affordable prices.

IKEA produces and distribute in bulb to keep prices low. It carries a narrow but deep assortment and tailors the strategy to selective market segments. To ensure that their customers shop with assurance at IKEA, customers can bring their purchase back unassembled with the original packaging and their receipt within 0 days for an exchange or refund. These can ensure customer satisfaction at IKEA. Products are classified in such a way that customers can find a variety of mirrors at one corner and would be able to compare the prices.

6.0 Operations

It operates from 10am to 10pm everyday. Shopping at IKEA could not do without a shopping guide, a pencil and measuring tape. These items are available at the entrance and the sale counters in the store. This is because there are few shop assistants around IKEA as one of IKEA strategy is to allow their shoppers shop on their own. IKEA includes product name, facts, benefits, price and care instructions, how you can buy the item as well as the location of the item, on the price tag. These will enable the customer to make a buying decision without having to consult their sales personnel, reducing the cost of sales assistants in IKEA, where IKEA pass on the savings to the consumers. However, IKEA provide services to cater to their customers needs such as home and office furnishing services, kitchen planning service and home delivering and assembling services. There is a restaunt and a supermarket located in IKEA to cater to Singaporeans eating and shopping likings.

5.1 IKEA Warehouse

The warehouse is located above the store and occupies three floors. This was expanded in November 001 from 1,770 m. This can save on the transportation costs from the warehouse to the retail outlet.

5. Home and office furnishing services

IKEA provides consultants help to furnish their customers homes and offices. For room furnishing, IKEA provides complimentary room enquiry where their customers can have an insightful discussion with their home furnishing consultants. IKEA consultants provide a wide range of services such as space-planning, furniture recommendation and advice on colour coordination of walls, curtains, carpets and lighting at a fee.

For Commercial Project, IKEA want to provide their customers with a stylish and ergonomic work environment. IKEA trained consultants will be able to assist their customers with space-planning ideas and aesthetic solutions. For corporations and organisations which would like to make bulk purchases, they can open a Corporate Account with them where they will gain access to a wide range of services all in the convenience of their own office. For example, they could send in orders by fax or call to arrange for delivery services without stepping into the store.

5. Kitchen Planning Service

Ikea promises that their customers can get a new kitchen in 10 days with a 10-year guarantee! They provide free kitchen planning services for people who purchase a minimum of $1,500 worth of IKEA kitchen products! Their trained kitchen planners will provide you with a computer-aided -D kitchen plan that includes a floor plan, elevation drawings and electrical/lighting layouts. The planners will also recommend complementary accessories to go with the kitchen design and will handle the site measurement, delivery and installation. The planners will be on site to ensure a proper handover of the completed kitchen to you. Best of all, theres a 10-year guarantee on IKEA kitchens!

5.4 Home delivery and assembly services

IKEA products are self-assembled and come in flat packs. This means that their customers do not have to pay for the assembling fees. Apart from the loaning of tools for dismantling of purchased AS-IS products, Ikea also offer complimentary short-term loans of power drills for wall drillings.

6.0 Food in IKEA

6.1 IKEA restaunt

To cater to Singaporeans' likes on shopping and eating, IKEA restaurant is right in the heart of our store. IKEA restaurant provides a resting place for you and your family to indulge your taste buds with our palatable array of Swedish and local dishes, at very appetising prices.

6. Swedish Food market

As IKEA is a Swedish company, they want to use Swedish heritage to compliment the Swedish furniture using a Swedish Food Market, where customers can find a popular selection of Swedish snacks and food products.

7.0 Store location

For an Ikea store to be profitable, it requires a high-density consumer base the ideal Ikea location is within a metropolitan area, but not within the city itself. When Ikea is accessible to the many groups of the urban and suburban population and the different shades of Lifestyle (or no Lifestyle) they embody, a shopping environment of unprecedented vitality is. The poorer, less urbane customers emulate the stylistic consumption patterns of the hipper and wealthier, who in term revel in the novelty (and indulgence) of good design at discount prices.

Please note that this sample paper on Ikea is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Ikea, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Ikea will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Dave's Dream

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In Richard Wrights short story The Man Who Was Almost a Man, Dave, a seventeen year old African American male has a strong desire to prove that he is a man. He works with other black men in the fields owned by a white man, Jim Hawkins. At seventeen Dave believes hes ready to be his own man and that having a gun would make him a man. The gun acts as a symbol of Daves dream of manhood. As the gun evolves in Daves life, Dave becomes more of a man.

The presence of the gun is a powerful one in Daves life. The gun begins its existence when Wright tells us, One of these days [Dave] was going to get a gun and practice shooting, then they couldnt talk to him as though he were a little boy. Its clear that Dave believes that the gun is his bridge to adulthood when Wright said that if Dave had a gun, he wouldnt be regarded as a child.

Dave seems to think being a man is a result of having power. Wright refers to Daves physical size inhibiting his advancement to manhood and reducing his power. Shucks, Ah aint scareda them even ef they are biggern me! (Man, 16) He also tells us that Dave isnt even in charge of his own affairs, and hardly even his own life Mebbe Ma will lemme buy [a gun] when she gits mah pay from ol man Hawkins. Ahma beg her to gimme some money (Man, 16). This statement clearly tells us that Dave doesnt manage the money he earns from working as a field hand. Finally, Wright also implies that Dave isnt regarded as a man because of the way people talk to him. Whuts the use in talkin wid em niggers in the field... then they couldnt talk to him like he was a little boy (Man, 16). Dave thought that the gun would solve all three of these problems.

Dave believed that after solving these problems, he would finally be seen as a man. Having the gun would make him more physically powerful [Dave] could kill a man with this [gun]. Kill anybody, black or white (Man, 1-1400). The increase of physical power would make him more of a threat to the other black fieldhands as well as his white boss. They would respect him as a threat If he were holding his gun in his hand, nobody could run over him; they would have to respect him (Man, 1400). With the respect would come equality; they wouldnt talk to and treat him like a little boy, but a man with enough power to be a man.

At this point owning the gun is only a dream. Dave had thought up a quick plan to try and obtain his dream Ah know whut Ahma do. Ahm going by ol Joes sto n git that Sears Robuck catlog n look at them guns (Man, 16). By getting this catalogue the gun changed from being a simple word that was his dream to being a picturethe first manifestation of his dream. Joe at the store offers to sell Dave a gun after Dave told him he wanted to by one from the catalogue Say, if you wanna buy a gun, why dont you buy one from me? I gotta gun to sell (Man, 17). Joes offer to Dave only makes the pictures in the catalogue more real, his dream more achievable.

Dave managed to get the money to buy Joes old gun, his dream of having the gun finally fulfilled. Dave slept with the gun somewhere it could influence his new dreams, under his pillow The first movement he made the following morning was to reach under his pillow for the gun. In the grey light of dawn he held it loosely, feeling a sense of power (Man, 1). He finally had his symbol of his power, of his manhood. He could feel the power the gun could give him. When Dave decided to take the gun with him to work, he tied it to his thigh. He promoted his acquired dream to being a part of him.

Once Dave was out near the woods he stopped working and brought out his gun Lissen here, Jenny! When Ah pull this ol trigger, Ah dont wan yuh t run n acka fool now! (Man, 1400) Those were the last words he said before he decided to try to prove his manhood. He needed to stop imagining his dream and start living it. Dave needed to go through some private ceremony to be able to live his dream. All he had to do in this ceremony was fire the gun then he would finally know how to use its power to make him a man.

Right before he shot [Dave] told himself, Ah ain afraid. The felt loose in his fingers; he waved it wildly for a moment. Then he shut his eyes and tightened his forefinger. Bloom! (Man, 1400) So his ceremony began. He imagined that he had done everything right. Or at least he thought he had set everything up correctly. This ceremony of his didnt go very well as Dave had hoped A report half deafened him and he thought his right hand was torn from his arm (Man, 1400). Its clear something went wrong. This was supposed to make him feel strong, powerful, like a man. But instead, his hand has been ripped from his arm or at least it felt that way. Daves hand was only numbed from the ferocious bite of the pistol.

Dave looked down and the gun lay at his feet... [Dave] stared at the gun as though it were a living thing (Man, 1401). Daves dream, his gun, his manhood, had suddenly become a nightmarish beast. Daves ceremony that was intended to move him into living his dream only instead cast him into a nightmare. The beast he unleashed decided to add a little real-world effect by harming Jenny, the mule Dave had brought out to plow the fields with. Then Dave stopped short, looking, not believing. Jenny was bleeding (Man, 1401). His failure inflicted Jenny with a mortal wound.

Jenny bled to death, leaving a serious wall between Dave and his manhood. The only thing he could do to try to get rid of the nightmare was to bury it. He picked up the gun and held it gingerly between his thumb and forefinger. He buried it at the foot of a tree (Man, 1401). After he hid away his nightmare, which had already left its mark on Daves life, he went back across the fields slowly, with his head down (Man, 140). Dave was defeated by this nightmare.

The gun was out of Daves life for a little while, its painful mark left behind. Dave thought he could avoid anyone finding out about the gun and maybe guessing that he shot the mule Somethin musta been wrong wid ol Jenny. She wouldn ack right a-tall... Then when the point of the plow was sticking up in the air, she swung erroun n twisted herself back on it (Man, 140). That was Daves last defense against humiliation.

His plan was mostly working until his family showed up and one of the men burying Jenny noted that the wound looked like a bullet wound Dave, whut yuh do wid the gun, his mother chimed in well in time to drop all potential beliefs in Daves previous story (Man, 140). Gun, the very last work Dave could bear to hear at the moment. This word to him was no longer the word representing his manhood. Now it represented something completely differentit represented his foolishness and the nightmare his dream had turned into.

His father had to threaten to start beating him right there for Dave to finally confess Ah wuzn shootin at the mule, Mistah Hawkins. The gun jumped when Ah pulled the trigger... N fo Ah knowed anythin Jenny was there a-bleedin (Man, 140). That was his confession, his confession of his actions that lead to him being degraded further, throwing him further from his goal to become a man Looks like you bought yourself a dead mule (Man, 140). All it took was that line for the laughter to start flooding inpainful destroying laughter. Laughter that a foolish child would receive, not a man, not the man Dave wanted to become.

Dave knew he had to try his ceremony again, and finally become a man. But he had to face the nightmare that possessed his dream, and he had to defeat it [Dave] turned over, thinking how he had fired the gun. He had an itch to fire it again (Man, 140). It was either that or facing his fathers punishment and the humiliation of having to work for two years just to pay off the dept he owed Jim Hawkins for the mule N Pa says hes gonna beat me... He remembered the other beatings, and his back quivered (Man, 140). Dave felt that nothing good could come out of his situation if he stayed. So he decided to ignore what had happened earlier.

Dave thought Ef other men kin shoota gun, by Gawd, Ah kin... Yes, Now! He would go down and get that gun and see if he could fire it (Man, 1404). Dave had made up his mind. He was going to try his ceremony again. He knows that other men can shoot guns, so if he can shoot the gun, then he would be equal with other men. Thus, he would be a man and he could have his dream back and actually live it.

Dave ran back to where he had buried the gun, recovered the object that created the nightmare that was engulfing his dream Like a hungry dog scratching for a bone, [Dave] pawed [the gun] up. He puffed his black cheeks and blew dirt from the trigger and barrel (Man, 1404). Now he had this nightmare in his hands and he was ready to face it again and try to defeat it. Dave was ready to try his ceremony again, this time facing the nightmare and looking for his dream With effort he held his eyes open; then he squeezed. Blooooom! He was stiff, not breathing. The gun was still in his hands (Man, 1404). Success! Dave had successfully fire his gun.

Dave had finally managed to cast away the nightmare and see his dream again. Things had begun to go his way. Dave could finally wield the tool of power he held. Now that he could wield such power, he could be an adult. He shot off the remaining three rounds, confirming his ability to use his newfound power.

Now thinking [Dave] stood rigid. Two dollahs a mont. Les see now... Tha means itll take bout two years. Shucks. Ahll be dam (Man, 1404). He knew that he couldnt be a man here. He couldnt be respected as one at least. He heard a train starting to approach, and he headed down towards the tracks [Dave] gripped the gun tightly; then he jerked his hand out of his pocket... He hesitated just a moment; then he grabbed, pulled atop of a car, and lay flat. He felt his pocket; the gun was still there (Man, 1405). His choice to keep the gun was his way of bringing his power and manhood with him, to wherever he was going. He was going away, leaving his childhood behind. The gun, his dream, his manhood, was now a permanent part of him.

Please note that this sample paper on Dave's Dream is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Dave's Dream, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Dave's Dream will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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Harriet Beecher Stowes novel, Uncle Toms Cabin, was one of the most influential yet controversial books of her time and the same holds true for today. Slavery in the United States continuously brings up strong beliefs and heated disscussions. Stowe used her novel to express her opinions of slavery and the African American race, and her views were way ahead of her time. She depicts both the unending kindness and the horrible cruelty of human beings. The novel draws the reader in and enables him/her to see the harsh realities of life. Many important themes appear throughout the novel, but the one that prevails is the effectiveness of the Bible and the hope that it stands for. All through the novel, Uncle Tom kept his Bible by his side during lifes struggles. Incredibly, specific verses from the Bible had profound effects on many characters and Toms use of the Bible verses deeply touched Eva and St. Clare during death, Legrees slaves during hardship, and Tom himself during life.

Uncle Tom and the Bible provided great insight and meaning to the lives of both Eva and Augustine St. Clare. As Evas time on earth faded, she sat with time and read from the Bible. When Tom sang about angels and bright lights, Eva said she had seen them; when they talked about heaven, Eva claimed she was going there. Eva would read the Bible to Uncle Tom and he would explain what it meant. Miss Ophelia even said that Tom was a hero to Eva. As she became physically weaker, her spirit grew more divine. During Evas last days on earth, she reached out with love to those around her and tried to help them see the light that was so clear to her. I can understand why Jesus wanted to die for us(Stowe 74). Eva told Tom this because she had felt the same way and this deep, spiritual feeling came to her because of her faith. Through reading scripture and believing the words of the Bible, Eva accepted the fact that she would die and even welcomed it. Her only concerns were for those whom she would have to leave behind. The Bible effected both her life and her death and Tom helped her understand the meaning. St. Clare, another person Tom helped gain a greater understanding, struggled within himself in the novel. He knew his strengths and weaknesses and thought he would always be lazy. I am one of the sort that lives by throwing stones at other peoples glass houses, but I never mean to put up one for them to stone(Stowe 181). St. Clare simply meant that he did not mind criticizing other people, but he would never do anything that allowed them to criticize him. St. Clare believed slavery to be morally wrong and that the church twisted the words of the Bible and he talked about his views often, but he never did anything about it. When Eva died, St. Clare started to read her Bible with Tom. He could not comprehend how Tom could believe in the Bible so completely. I want to believe this Bible,--and I cant(Stowe 00). St. Clare continued to read scripture and remembered his mother, who he thought was the embodiment and personification of the New Testament, more often. As he reflected on life and the meaning of the Bible, St. Clare became closer to his mother and Eva. One passage he read with Tom struck him very deeply. Inasmuch as ye did it not to one of the least of these my brethren, ye did it not to me(Stowe 0). This means that what a person does not do for another human being, he/she does not do for Jesus. St. Clare saw these verses in his own life and the rest of the evening remained absent and thoughtful. He realized that it was not enough to live a good life but do nothing to help his brethren. Later that night, while trying to break up a knife fight, he got stabbed and died. As he was dying he claimed he was coming home at last, a sudden light filled his eyes, and he said Mother! Tom and the Bible helped St. Clare deal with Evas death and his own life. Tom had a major impact on the lives of both Eva and St. Clare, and his interpretations of the Bible gave them both new meaning in life as well as death.

Tom and his Bible also brought some comfort and strength to the beaten down slaves on Legrees plantation. The conditions on the plantation were so harsh and horrible that many of them had become low and cruel themselves and only looked out for themselves. The first thing Tom did was to make two womens supper before his own. He shocked them with his kindness and read from his Bible. Come unto Me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest(Stowe 47). Out of all of the passages in the Bible this one they probably needed to hear most. It applied to their circumstances and went straight to their hearts. Tom helped fill others baskets and refused to whip his fellow man. Actions certainly speak louder than words, and Tom continued to practice what he preached. He got his strength from his Bible and showed the desolate slaves what it meant to care for other human beings. Even Sambo and Quimbo, two slaves who had become so cruel they were compared to bull dogs, ended up crying when Tom died. They realized that their brutality had been wrong and wanted to learn about Jesus. Tom saved many souls of the men and women who had almost lost their humanity due to the cruelty of Legree. Out of all of the slaves on that plantation Tom helped Cassy the most. When she came to give him water after he had been beaten, he asked her to read some from his Bible. Cassy sobbed aloud when she read the following verse. Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do,(Stowe 5). She told Tom about losing her children and the barbarous masters she had had. Cassy did not believe that God could let these things happen and that God could not be here. Many people claimed she had the devil in her. Cassy told Tom to give up; that Legree would win. Through Toms courage and ability to fight Legree, Cassy slowly realized the power of God. She offered Tom the chance to run away but he refused it, only telling her to remember to love our enemies. Legree beat Tom to death because he would not tell him about Emmeline and Cassys plan to escape. Through Toms martyrdom, Cassy saw the strength and victory that God can grant. After being reunited with her daughter, Cassy became a Christian. Toms work to help other people and his death to save and protect other human lives, made possible by his belief in the Bible, made him comparable to Jesus Christ. Again, Tom and his Bible are able to change people lives for the better and deeply affect the emotions of those who most need help.

Uncle Tom had the ability to touch many people through the words of the Bible only because the Bible touched his own soul so completely. He continuously found his strength and hope in the Bible and when he had nothing else in the world he still had this faith. At the beginning of the novel in Uncle Toms cabin, they would meet often to sing and read scripture. He excelled in prayer and had a lot of respect in religious matters. They would read in Revelation about the coming of Christ and his kingdom in which the faithful would be redeemed, and the scripture would bring joy to everyone. When Tom got sold he said, Pray for them that spitefully use you, the good book says(Stowe 5). Even when bad things happened to him, he could turn to the Bible do what it said. Tom read only the New Testament and his innocence and ignorance prevented him from allowing other peoples views from affecting his own. While Tom traveled on the boat to the south, he would study over his Bible. He remembered how God would come out of his place to save all the poor of the earth(Stowe 140)! Tears dropped on his Bible as he read that Jesus went to prepare a place for him at Gods house. Tom never even thought to question the Bible because if it were not true, he could not live. To be so trusting and believing of things he had never seen amazed many people, but to Tom it seemed to be all of life. He quoted scripture to even the poorest, most lonely people. Tom had an uncanny ability to always have the person listen to or read just what they needed to hear at that exact moment. His understanding of the Bible went beyond that of any minister because of its simplicity and truth. Through scripture Tom learned to be content with whatever state he happened to be in. During his most difficult struggles at the hands of Legree, he stood by his beliefs. Tom realizes that while his body may belong to Legree, his soul will always belong to God. After Tom had been beaten, Jesus words came to him, He that overcame shall sit down with me on my throne, even as I also overcame, and am set down with my father on his throne(Stowe 8). The courage Tom received from God and the Bible allowed him to have victory over Legree and let go of the physical being. --who shall separate us from the lobe of Christ(Stowe 417)! Toms suffering changed an instrument of degradation into a symbol of glory. The words and meaning of the Bible had such a profound effect on Uncle Toms life that it enabled him to alter the lives of many human beings.

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The Bible verses used at just the right times added a dramatic and touching aspect to Tom and the world around him. Without the references to the scripture death could never have seemed so peaceful and enlightening and the slaves who were almost completely lost to cruelty could not have been saved. Stowe used Bible verses to effectively make both serious and complex points. When someone picked up a Bible to read to Tom, the verses they read always related directly to them and their experiences. The Bible contains so many pages that if this were merely a coincidence than it is extraordinary. But because Tom was compared to Christ through his death, maybe, Tom knew the words that would touch each persons soul and they had not been coincidences. Stowe wanted to show how important religion was for both slaves and their masters. Stowes novel, published in 1851, contained ideas that in that time were both inconceivable and on many peoples minds. Uncle Toms Cabin, a pre-Civil War novel, infuriated many Southerners and some Northerners as well. Some of the ideas were far ahead of the time and some of the stereotypes were offensive and the book angered many Yankees. Stowe may even have contributed to the start of the Civil War with her revolutionary book about slavery. The novel still has a huge impact today and contains highly debatable issues. Uncle Toms Cabin is a famous American novel that has just as much relevance now as it did over a hundred years ago. Slavery has been a major part of both American history and culture and Stowe had the ability to present it in a very moving way.

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Modern History, Russia, Russian Civil war 1918-1920 - By Mark bunkerhunter@yahoo.com.au

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Modern History Assessment

Russian Civil War 118-10

By Mark S, Australia, For lots more modern History assessments contact me at bunkerhunter@yahoo.com.au

A war to end all wars is a phrase generally reserved to describe World War one and the appalling conditions and horrific death toll that accompanied it. However, the Russian Civil War of 118-10 virtually crippled Russias Economy, its people and claimed thousands of lives. In effect the Russian Civil War can be compared to World War One, The War to end all Wars.

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Towards the end of 117, Russia had withdrawn from World War One and had made peace with Germany, through the Brest-Litovsk treaty. Although Peace came at immense price, the Russian Empire lost all of its western lands, comprising sixty-two million people, 7 percent of its farmland and 76 percent of its iron ore and coal supplies .

This loss of land and industry caused great contempt amongst the anti-Bolshevik and pro-Tsarists parties. Eventually, these groups began to rise up against the Bolsheviks. The first group to rise up against the Bolsheviks was a group of Czech prisoners of war, which took control of a town along the Trans-Siberian railway during May 118. When Bolshevik troops arrived to restore power, more train-loads of Czech prisoners of war came to join in the fight, by the end of 118 all towns along the railway and the railway itself were in the hands of the Czech prisoners of war now known as the Czech Legion .

In January 118, five months prior to the Russian Civil war, General Lavr Kornilov organised a volunteer army of anti-Bolshevik supporters. By the beginning of January 11, 8 months into the civil war, this army incorporated many other anti-Bolshevik parties, socialist revolutionaries and pro-Tsarist groups which now became to be known as the White Army.

Both the White Armies and Czech Legion never joined forces, but remained close allies. In November 118, the white army gained support from 00 000 soldiers from America, Britain, France and Japan. The American and British were mobilised in the White Sea area, while French and Japanese forces were mobilised in Vladivostok. The American forces would later also be mobilised in Vladivostok.

The main reason for allied intervention in the Russian Civil war was to preserve the Eastern Front in the War against Germany, but it was also an attempt to overthrow Bolshevikism. These Allied intervention forces would be withdrawn from Russia between March and October 11 .

To combat this tremendous threat, Vadimir Lenin appointed Leon Trotsky as Commissar for War. His first objective was to get troops into the new Russian army, the Red army, formed in January 118. He accomplished this by introducing conscription for all men aged eighteen and forty; his second objective was to get officers to lead the red army, his solution was to appoint former officers from the Tsarist Army who had recently returned from war. Any officer found rejecting the order to join the red army was taken hostage and put into prison. By March 11, The Red army had 000 officers to command the 0 000 men strong army.

To ensure no officers or troops of the Red army deserted the army or their post in late 118 Trotsky enforced strict orders of terror for anyone who deserted the red army, sold their uniform/equipment or harbored deserters. Anyone found guilty of these crimes was to be shot.

Another much feared element of The Red Terror was the Cheka also known as Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Sabotage and Criminal Offenses by Officials. The Cheka was responsible for dealing with anyone who supported/helped the white army or who fought for the White army. Cheka agents were responsible for torturing prisoners to extract confessions before executing them. Cheka units also wreaked havoc across the countryside, hanging, beating, shooting or burning anybody who fought or supported the White Army.

The Cheka is to punish and liquidate all attempts or actions connected with counter-revolution or sabotage, whatever their source, throughout Russia; to hand over for trial by a revolutionary tribunal all saboteurs and counter-revolutionaries, and to elaborate measures to combat them; and to carry out a preliminary investigation only in so far as was necessary for preventive purposes.

The movements of the Russian Civil war took many twists and turns in its two-year course. At the end of 118, anti-Bolshevik armies were advancing on Moscow; the Czech Legion had control of the Trans-Siberian railway in most towns along its route. Although the red army were mobilised in the Volga in July 118 and managed to recapture Kazan and Simbirsk from the White army in September 118 and Samara in October, in late October 118, The white army did make progress when General Denekin took control of the Kuban region and General Wrangel began to advance up the Volga. General Denekin would later advance up to a point 150kms from Moscow.

The main threat to the Bolshevik government came from General Yudenich . In October, 118 he captured Gatchina, only 50 kilometres from Petrograd. Leon Trotsky arrived to direct the defence of the capital. Red Army units were established amongst industrial workers and the rail network was used to bring troops from Moscow. Outnumbered, Yudenich ordered his men to retreat and headed for Estonia.

In 11, the white army began to lose the war. Alexander Kolchak captured Ufa and was posing a threat to Kazan and Samara. The Red Army led by General Frunze began to fight back. In November 11 the Red army entered Omsk, where Kolchak had proclaimed government; Kolchak then fled eastwards but he was caught by the Czechs who handed him over to the Bolsheviks. Kolchak was shot by firing squad on 7th February 10.

General Frunze went on to clear Turkestan of all anti-Bolshevik forces. In early 10 General Denikin and his army withdrew into Crimea. He made a brief stand at Rostov before again retreating to Novorossiysk on the Black Sea. Faced by troops led by Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Denikin was forced to leave Russia in April 10.

General Wrangel now took control of the White Army in the Crimea but he was unable to match General Frunze and the Red army. In November 10 the remaining members of his army left Russia thus ending the two-year civil war .

The Civil war not only took a toll on the Russian population, but also on the economy. During 118, at the height of the Russian Civil war, Vladmir Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, took strict measures to organise food and industry in areas under Bolshevik control. All factories with under ten workers were nationalised, all workers were under government control, private trading was banned, money lost its value through inflation and food was strictly rationed.

This form of economy was later to be known as War Communism. This form of economy achieved one of its aims - it supplied the red army with food and weapons, although it failed in its other aims - the equal share of wealth throughout Russia. Since the government took all surplus food, farmers did not produce surplus food. This caused a food shortage in 10 and a famine in 11. War communism was finally disbanded and replaced by the new economic policy in March 11, three months after the civil war ended.

The peculiarity of war communism consisted in the fact that we really took from the peasants all their surpluses, and some times even what was not surplus, but part of what was necessary to feed the peasant... We took it for the most part on credit...

In the end, the Red army and the Bolsheviks won the Russian Civil war. It spelled the death knell for democracy and freedom, it was a decisive win for communism and repression. The red army won by Force and Brutality, with the help of a large army and the Red Terror (later to be known as the KGB). The white army and anti-Bolshevik forces didnt stand a chance. The win for Bolshevism and Communism ensured a reign of terror and horror that would last 0 years.

...those who believe that socialism will be built at a time of peace and tranquillity are profoundly mistaken it will everywhere be built at a time of disruption, at a time of famine.

Josh Broomman, Russia in war and revolution, Longman 0th century history series, New York 1, pp.

Donald W. Treadgold, Twentieth Century Russia, Westview Press, New York, 187.

Internet extract of pages 40-50 available on Professor Gerhard Rempels website

http//mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/russia/lectures/8civilwar.html

Anthony Wood, Russian Civil war, Internet Resource

http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUScivilwar.htm

Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6 Progress Publishers, Moscow 17, pp. 75

Jamie Simpson, Bruce Dennet, Problems and Issues in Modern History, Oxford University Press Melbourne 17, pp. 7-75

V Lenin, Unknown Source, 11, Internet rescource

http//flag.blackened.net/revolt/russia/lenin_quotes.html

V Lenin, Unknown Source, 11, Internet rescource

http//flag.blackened.net/revolt/russia/lenin_quotes.html

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Review of the Trade

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Naruto Review

Twelve years ago the 4th Leader of the Hidden Leaf Village sealed a nine-tailed demon fox inside the navel of a newborn child. To speak of this topic in the village was forbidden from that day on. This is the history behind the twelve year old, hyperactive ninja in training named Naruto! The series itself is about Naruto and his fellow classmates facing challenges to becoming high-ranking ninjas. Naruto strives towards becoming the 5th Hokage (leading ninja in this village) so that the villagers will acknowledge his existence. It also shows how Naruto and his partners grow through the battles and encounters they experience. Love, dedication, friendship, and courage are just a few of the themes shown throughout the anime. This anime has some comedy, which balances nicely with the other scenes. The techniques and fight scenes in this anime can be very intense and have a considerable amount of blood and minor swearing. The art style is also done pretty well. The background music is nothing to be thrilled over, but it fits the series well enough. The opening and ending songs are excellent though. Both fit the series well and present the series in a good way. Naruto ranks in at a because it is truly a good ninja anime. There are so few good ones out there and this one definitely ranks at the top. The only real problem with the series is that some fight scenes are drawn out with flashbacks. This can get a little irritating, but it is an enjoyable viewing experience over all. The characters are presented in a way that you get very attached and want to know what happened to them as the series progresses. Seeing Naruto mature makes the viewer almost feel enlightened themselves.

Enter The Matrix Review

I¡¦m a huge fan of the matrix trilogy. When I first heard that there was going to be a matrix game, I wasn¡¦t very exited about it because almost every other game based off a movie has been a total flop. Now that I have the game I think it is a very great game and it was definitely worth my money. If your still skeptical about buying this game check out my review below.

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Gameplay 10/10

Ok where do I start. The gameplay in this game is top notch, there are so many things you can do. Everything that you can do in the movies you can do in the game. You can run across walls, you can slow time down using bullet time(although its called focus in this game) you can shoot in slow motion while doing cartwheels, for the most part you can even dodge bullets¡Ksort of.Another nice thing about this game is that you can choose to play as either ghost or niobe, both of there moves are very similar but they do have some variation, alot of there levels are different also, with the expetion of a few levels that are the same for both characters. Anyway lets get down to it, this game has a fairly deep fighting system, you can choose either to take out enemies with the wide array of guns at your disposal, or you can go on close and use hand to hand combat to take them out. You can take out and put away your guns with a touch of a button, you also shoot with that same button. When you get in close to the enemy your character automatically switches to hand to hand combat. This game has a better fighting system then most fighting games I have played, its amazing. You punch by pressing triangle, kick by pressing Circle and block by pressing square the blocking animation¡¦s are really cool, they actually look realistic so the fights look real, you can combine these buttons for a multitude of devastating combos and attacks, you can also disarm enemies by pressing square, there are several different disarm moves you can do you can also do counter attacks by pressing the block button the exact second that another person is attacking you, these are really effective and they look really cool,counter attacks are a little tricky to pull off but they are worth it. These little things they added are really great and help to make the game more exciting a realistic.You can also utilize a different array of throws also by pressing the punch and kick buttons at the same time. This game is surprisingly challenging, although the challenge level is very enjoyable you must use all your different moves, in order not to get killed. This game does feature a few driving levels to but they are very annoying, so I¡¦m glad there aren¡¦t very many. The focus button is the key to winning this game, with it pressed you become stronger and faster(although you are moving in slow motion) while it is pressed you can cartwheel and do flips in order to dodge incoming bullets, and it is really effective I almost never get hit by bullets while doing this.There is so much more you can do in the game but if I put all of it in this review it would take to long to read it.

Story 8/10

The story is great, the story in this game relates to parts of the story in The Matrix Reloaded. It revolves around niobe and ghost, two of the characters that we didn¡¦t get to see much of in the movie the story is about everything that they did in the movie, this game is a great add on to the movies story it shows you everything that you didn¡¦t get to see in the movie. This game does feature extra hours of cinematic they filmed just for the game, some of the scenes actually come directly from the movies itself. Actually this game probobly has the most interesting story out of all the action games I have played

Graphics 7/10

I am very sorry to say that the graphics in this game aren¡¦t too great , although the characters models are pretty good and the environments were taken straight out of the movie and they look great, the wheels on the cars really annoy me, they look like hexagons is it really that hard to make circular wheels in a game, how hard can that be. The guns look really good also as do the bullets when they are whizzing by you in slow motion they even have that trail effect in the movies although it isn¡¦t as real looking it looks great none the less, and the moves are as fluid as can be expected, but sometime when you hit someone part of the body goes into a wall, its little stuff like that brings this games score down. Also there have been a lot of reported glitches, like freezing, and echo¡¦s in the voices in the cinematic and in some parts even the screen turning all black, I have only experienced one of these glitches and it was very minor, but it does ruin the game a little bit.

Sound /10

The sound is wonderful, when hitting or punching someone it makes that whoosh sound like in the movies, and when you are shooting or getting shot at in slow motion you can hear the bullets going past you. Every gun sounds different also this really helps to add realism to the game. When your driving the car in the very few driving levels it sounds just like a real car. Most of the tunes comes from the movie and they are really great they give you that same adrenaline rush you get when you watch the movie.

Replayability 7/10

This game does feature some nice unlockables and add ons to keep it going for you after you beat it with both characters. The hacking feature was a great idea, and even though there are only 40 hacks that are known as of right now, the producers have promised us that there are actually over 500 hacks, which is amazing, you can hack fmv movies and watch them, character models, guns. You can even hack into the matrix and drop weapons in levels and even put cheats in. Even the story is good enough for a few replays. And the challenge of trying to kill agent smith and his multiple clones is always a good thing.

In closing, I want to say that every matrix fan should have this game most definitely this game is also great for videogame fans everywhere this game is great, although be careful a lot of people have reported multiple glitches(which i stated earlier in my review) with there games, all of them from the ps version which I have and have only experienced minor glitches.

Mazda Rx-8 Review

Mazda revives the rotary engine in a new sports car the company promotes as the spiritual successor to its famous RX-7. The RX-7, last offered in 15, was a -seat, -dr model, but the RX-8 is a unique 4-seat, 4-dr sports car. Its about 5 inches longer than the -seat Nissan 50Z, and features a -passenger rear seat and two small, rear-hinged doors behind the front doors. The rear doors do not open or close independently of the fronts. Conventional engines use pistons that move up and down in cylinders. The rotary engine uses triangular-shaped rotors that spin inside oval-shaped housings. The RX-8s twin-rotor engine displaces 1. liters and has 07 hp when teamed with a 4-speed automatic transmission, 47 hp when linked with a 6-speed manual. The automatic includes a manual-shift mode using either steering-wheel paddles or the shift lever. Manual-transmission RX-8s come with 18-inch wheels, stiffer sport-tuned suspension, and a limited-slip differential. Optional for automatic-transmission models is a Sport Package, which replaces their standard 16-inch wheels with 18s and adds the stiffer suspension. Antilock 4-wheel disc brakes, front side airbags, and head-protecting curtain side airbags are standard on all RX-8s. Options include leather upholstery, heated seats and mirrors, antiskid system with traction control, and navigation system. This evaluation is based on preview test drives. RX-8 is just hitting the streets, so only detail changes should occur in the next - years. But remembering that the last RX-7 had twin turbochargers, dont be surprised if RX-8 goes turbo at some point. This is strictly a guess, but we understand the new Renesis rotary is amenable to turbocharging. All that needs to happen is for parent Ford to allocate funds and for Mazda to deliver a turbo option at a reasonable price, admittedly not an easy task. Well go out on another limb and predict that Mazda will eventually offer a heftier automatic transmission, perhaps a 5- or 6-speed unit, so buyers who choose that option will get the same power as the shift-it-yourself crowd.

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Drosophila Melangaster

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Drosophila Melangaster, more commonly known as the fruit fly, is the basis of this lab activity. In the process of this lab, we saw a total of three generations of flies. First, we start out with a parent generation of one male and one female. After identifying the traits of each homozygous parent, we removed them from the vial, in order to keep them from reproducing with their children. Next, because of the breeding of these two flies, we had offspring, whose traits we then mapped after they had developed from the pupa. To do this, we had to keep the flies under the microscope without them flying away. We used Fly Nap , a product designed to temporarily paralyze the flies, just long enough for us to determine the gender and genotype of each fly. After inspecting the flies, they were killed, either by releasing them outside or placing them into a jar of liquid. After the F1 generation was developed, counted, an analyzed, we were to remove to or three flies from that generation and place them in a new vial. This new generation that is to be produced from the F1 generation is the F generation, the grandsons and granddaughters of the original parent generation. This experiment was designed to examine the parent generation and its offspring, and see how genotypes, as well as phenotype of sex-liked traits are passed through generations.

The life cycle of a fruit fly, also known as complete metamorphosis (Figure A), is divided into four stages, egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Drosophila Melangaster will produce new adults in two weeks, eight days in the egg and larval stages, and six days in the pupal stage. Twenty-four hours after the egg is laid, the larval hatches. The larva has two molting (shedding) periods; during which the cuticle (outer portion of the exoskeleton), mouth, hooks and spiracles are shed. This larva is called an instar during the periods of growth before and after molting. Thus, the fruit fly has three instars. The puparium develops from the third instar, which becomes which becomes hard texture and dark in color. Upon completion of metamorphosis, the adult forces its way through the operculum (end) of the puparium. Initially the fruit fly appears light in color with a long abdomen and unexpanded wings. In just a few hours the fly gets darker in color, rounder in the abdomen and extends its wings. A female fruit fly can store sperm after a single insemination ad use it for many reproductions. The sperm the female obtains is used randomly (not in the order they were obtained) to fertilize the eggs as they were laid. This process, complete metamorphosis, is different than incomplete because of the resting stages during complete metamorphosis. For example, caterpillars are transformed in a cocoon, and fruit flies change in the pupa stage. Also, in incomplete metamorphosis, there is a gradual change in appearance such as the wing pads grow longer with each molt, and eventually into wings in the adult. In incomplete metamorphosis the immature forms are called nymphs, which generally have the same food source as the adult.

The process of anesthetizing flies uses a product known as Fly Nap . This product allows us to look at flies under the microscope without them flying away. In order to correctly utilize the Fly Nap , place some on one side of a sponge stopper. Then, gently tap the vial in which the desired flies are in, which should knock them to the bottom. Quickly remove the stopper, then place an inverted vial on top of that vial without allowing any flies to escape, the flies should rise into the inverted vial. Next, promptly place the stopper that has the Fly Nap on it into the vial containing the flies. In about one minute the flies should be temporarily paralyzed; this will allow you to look at the flies under the microscope without them flying away.

Distinguishing sex between the male and the female can be noticed when looking under a microscope. The most easily identifiable difference is the coloring of the rear. The male has heavy pigmentation on the entire posterior part of the abdomen, and has two bands frontal, while the female has five bands of color along the entire abdomen. The problem with this type of distinction is the inability to see color in newly emerged flies, however, in mature flies, the difference is clear. Another difference is the shape of the posterior tip (Figure C). In females, the tip is slightly pointed, while in males the tip is rounded. Finally, the males have a pair of sex combs (Figure B), located on each leg, which are used to grasp onto females during intercourse.

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In our experiment, there were three traits that could vary in the flies sex, type of wing, and the eye color. For this lab, the following labels were used to show the genotype behind each phenotype

In sexual reproduction, the genes that are produced by the male are the genes that determine the gender of the offspring. The male can generate either a XY (male), or XX (female) sperm. If the Y chromosome is combined with the X chromosome of the female, the offspring will be male. However, if the male provides the female with his X chromosome, the offspring will be female.

Certain physical traits, or phenotype match up with certain genotypes. In this lab, long wings are dominant, which means that if a L gene is passed from either parent to the offspring, that particular child will have long wings. If both parents transmit the gene, the trait the offspring will be known as a homozygous for that trait (LL). However, if only one parent passes on the gene, the child is known as a hybrid, or heterozygous (Ll).

Also, in order for a child to have short wings, the parents must both give the recessive trait of short wings to the child, that making the child homozygous (ll) for that characteristic.

A mainly significant type of genetic linkage has to do with the X and Y sex chromosomes. These not only carry the genes that determine male and female traits but also those for some other characteristics as well. Genes that are carried by either sex chromosome are said to be sex linked. A large part of sex linkage has to do with the fact that a single chromosome determines several genes. This is because the X chromosome is longer and straighter than the Y chromosome (Figure D), and occasionally has genes that are not always on the Y chromosome. Because the blending of these chromosomes decides the gender of the offspring, in addition to the eyes, the color of the eyes is identified as a sex-linked trait. For instance, if a male received an X chromosome containing the gene for white eyes, he will have white eyes, because the Y chromosome does not carry that trait and will then have no effect on that specific characteristic. On the other hand, if a fly is female, both X chromosomes must carry the white-eye gene in order for her to have white eyes. That female will only be that carrier of that gene, and pass that gene on to their offspring. This relationship linking the gender along with attributes of the fly is recognized as sex linkage.For this experiment, it was known that the traits for the parent (P) generation were homozygous. Having that information, we were able to identify our parent generation's genotype, after examining their phenotype. Our males were short winged, red eyed (XYll), while our females were long winged, red eyed (XXLL). Using this data, we were able to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 generation using a Punnet square (Figure E). By studying this information, it is observed that our estimation is that half of the F1 generation will be males with red eyes and heterozygous long wings, while the other half will be females with red eyes and heterozygous long wings.

By comparing our approximation with our actual F1 generation, we found out that our presumption was almost identical to the actual offspring (Figure F).

Then, we used the genotypes of our F1 generation to predict their children, or the F generation (Figure G).

Using the Punnet square above, we made the following predictions for the genotypes of the F generation

Then, using the genotypes, we predicted the phenotypes

Unfortunately, we were not able to test our predictions; the F fruit flies did not hatch in time for us to be able to include them in our report.

While working on this lab, there was a large margin for error and it is quite possible that mistakes occurred. First of all, when transporting flies from one container to another either when examining them or otherwise, it is probable that some flies flew out of the vial. This problem could change the number of parents and also change the results of the following generation. Also, when breeding the flies, it is likely that some flies from the earlier generation could have stayed in the vial, and have not been removed. This would cause the parents to mate with their children, and this inbreeding could modify the expected results. Another problem that existed was the paralyzed flies falling back into the food after being examined under the microscope. This would lead to a death of that fly and change the counting of that generation and also the following generation. Another obvious problem could be the miscounting of male and female flies by mixing them up, or just not counting certain flies at all. Either one of these problems or a mixture of these troubles could considerably change the outcome of the lab. - Day 1 My partner and I practiced examining the flies, as well as distinguishing between the males and the females. Also, proper techniques on how to use Fly Nap as well as how to use the soft bristled brush to manipulate the flies under the microscope were explored.

- Day We received the parent generation and examined the phenotype plus the genotype for future mapping. We were told that each fly was homozygous for the purpose of Punnet squares. We removed the parents from the vial and observed the developing larva.

- Day We both counted the flies of each sex and phenotype as well as compared that count to our predictions.

- Day 4 My partner and I continued to count the F1 generation and added the number of the rest of the flies to the previously counted number.

- Day 5 The final counting of the F1 generation was complete, the phenotypes and genotypes of those flies were compared to our predictions. We also placed two adults from each sex into a new vial to prepare for the second generation (F).

- Day 6, 7, 8 Digital pictures of us were taken. This report was written. Unfortunately, The F generation did not hatch in time for us to compare them to our predictions.

References

- http//www.flushing.k1.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/genetics/ins.html

- http//bioweb.uwlax.edu/bionet/Genetics/Fly_Genetics/fly_genetics.html

- http//www.central.edu/homepages/liedlb/genetics/FlyInfo.PDF

- http//www.accessexcellence.com/AE/AEPC/WWC/14/life_cycle.html

- Carolina Drosophila Manual

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