The Role and Attributes of Managers

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Discuss the role of the manager in successful organisations and consider the required attributes and qualities for a successful manager.

It is a well-known fact that the world was and still is full of organisations; they play a significant and continuing role in our lives. It is true that organisations can vary in size, structure, resources, personnel, and purposes, but they do have some things in common. They consist of two or more people who work together toward some common goal. The objective of an organisation is to provide goods and services to its members or to others outside the organisation. In order to achieve that effectively, all organisations have to follow a plan and try to acquire the necessary recourses. It is here where the practice of management takes effect.

Management relates to all the activities of the organisation and is undertaken at all levels. It is by the process of management and the execution of work that the activities of the organisation are carried out. Management cannot easily be defined and it is subject to many interpretations. However it can be said that management is the practice of consciously and continually shaping organisations. Consequently, management should always be considered within an organisational context and environment. It is the process of setting and achieving goals through the execution of five basic management functions that utilize human, financial, and material recourses. According to Henri Fayol, these functions are

Planning planning identifies the goals and objectives of the organisation and sets a plan of action for achieving those goals. This plan is the guide by which (1) the organisation obtains and commits the resources required to reach its objectives; () the number and types of personnel the organisation needs is identified; () the organisational environment in which the work is to be done starts to form and the members of the organisation carry on their activities; (4) progress toward the objectives is monitored and measured so that corrections can be made if necessary.

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There are several goals that need to be established, for each of the organisations sub-units. When these are determined, programs are established for the goals in a systematic manner. The length of time and the scope of the planning vary according to the level of management planning. Plans made by top management may cover periods as long as five or ten years. At lower levels of management, plans span over much shorter periods such as one day or even a few hours.

Organising organising is the process of arranging and allocating work, authority, and resources among the members of the organisation so they can carry out the activities of the organisation and eventually achieve the organisation's objectives. Managers have the responsibility to create a structure made out of divisions and departments that have different duties depending on the different goals. This process is called organisational design. When the objectives of the organisation change, the structure of the organisation changes too.

Directing directing involves influencing and motivating the members of the organisation to perform essential tasks so as to achieve its objectives. Directing provides leadership and gives the opportunity for motivation. Each employee should be encouraged to participate in the decision-making process. Communication between the manager and the employees is the key for creating a proper environment for the employees to work in. In this way, managers help their employees to do their best.

Co-ordination co-ordination is the process of unifying and harmonising all the activities of an organisation so as to ensure its success. It was mentioned before that each department of the organisation has different duties. The departments may be independent from each other, however they need to work together in harmony to succeed; this can be done with the help of the manager.

Control controlling is all about verifying that the actions of the organisation's members occur in accordance with the plans, instructions, and the established standards of performance. A manager should attempt to prevent problems, or to try to determine and solve them as soon as possible, if they happen to occur. Through constant control, the manager keeps the organisation working effectively.

As it can be seen, managers are required to be able to plan, organise, direct, co-ordinate and control. By examining these functions carefully a number of specific roles, such as interpersonal roles, informational roles and decisional roles that managers should fill at various times can be identified. Fig.1

Fig.1 The manager's roles

The figurehead role is one of the most basic, yet simple roles of a manager. The manager is a symbol so he has to represent the organisation in matters of formality; that is he must routinely perform certain ceremonial duties.

He has the leadership role; he has to create the right environment so as to improve employees' performances, to try and reduce conflict and handle disagreements wisely. He has to act with fairness and impartiality. As he is also responsible for his subordinates' work he should make sure that hey are effective as well as efficient. He should reward them if they are successful in their work, or on the contrary to not hesitate to dismiss them if he finds their performance unsatisfactory.

Another role of the manager is to act as a liaison between his unit and the organisation or between the organisation and the outside environment.

The performance of the monitor role can help the manager to develop an understanding of the working of the organisation and its environment. The manager should constantly monitor the environment he is in, by seeking and receiving information so as to determine if everything is going according to plan. He can collect his information both directly, by asking questions, and indirectly, through unsolicited information.

Disseminator role; as a disseminator, the manager passes the external and internal information collected to the organisation and to its subordinates. If the manager fails in transmitting the information or transmits them wrongly, this can cause problems to the organisation.

The manager is the one who also holds the spokesperson role. He is the person who represents and speaks for his unit to people outside the unit; these might be his superiors, or even the general public.

The entrepreneurial role is the manager's function to take advantage of certain opportunities and initiate activities that will improve the existing situation of the organisation.

The manager has the resource allocator role. He is responsible for the correct distribution of the resources amongst the employers. These resources include money, facilities, and equipment. He also decides the programming of work and maintains control by authorising important decisions before they are implemented.

The disturbance handler role; the manager must be prepared for the unexpected; he must be able to handle crises that may develop, such as failure of equipment or even strikes and take immediate action to correct the situation.

Another significant role of a manager is the negotiator role. Negotiating is an activity done with other individuals or other organisations. It may be required for example on contracts with the suppliers.

Managers can practice at different levels in an organisation and with different ranges of organisational activities. However, according to Fayol every manager needs to have three basic kinds of skills in order to carry out successfully all their roles. The importance of these skills depends mainly on the manager's rank in the organisation. These skills are technical, human and conceptual. Fig.

Technical skill is the ability to use the procedures, techniques, and knowledge of a specialised field. Technical skill is most important at the lower levels of the organisation.

Human skill is the ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people as individuals or in groups. This involves effective teamwork and the direction and leadership of staff. If the manager succeeds in keeping good human relationships at work then staff will be more efficient and more committed to the objectives of the organisation. Although human skill is important for managers at every level, it is the primary skill needed by middle managers.

Conceptual skill is the ability to coordinate and integrate all of an organisation's interests and activities. It involves seeing the organisation as a whole and understanding that its parts depend on one another; therefore understand the impact of any action on the other aspects of the organisation. The importance of conceptual skill increases as one rises through the ranks of the management system.

Fig. Proportions of management skills needed at different levels of management

Delegation is another essential element and skill of management. It involves behavioural, organisational and economic considerations. Delegation is a matter of judgement and if it involves confidence and trust to the subordinates by the manager. As Laurie J Mullins states, it is the allowance of freedom of action to subordinates within agreed terms of reference, thus giving them the necessary authority and responsibility, and the monitoring of their performance without undue interference or the continual checking of their work. If delegation is done effectively, it offers a number of potential benefits to the organisation and its members.

It is known that the human element plays a major role in the overall success of the organization. Effective resource management and the successful implementation of personnel activities are therefore two essential ingredients for improved organizational performance that can be added to the skills of a manager.

It is generally known that the last decades the world has seen an enormous scientific and technological evolution. The continuous economic and political changes affect the operation of organisations and businesses forcing the managers to continuous alteration of their plans and objectives. Various technological innovations resulted in new machinery, which correspond better to the constantly changing people's needs. Also new products have been developed and more complex consumer goods are produced. So a manager needs to be able to follow the progress and have good technical knowledge. Moreover, constant development in the means of communication lead to the co-operation with many foreign countries which forces managers to specialise and to be more organised and more effective.

Today's manager has to bear in mind that we live in an increasingly materialistic society. The way of life is continuously changing especially in the big cities. Nowadays people not only try to cover their needs but also want to satisfy their desires by spending a great amount of money on things that are not really necessary to them. So manager's objective is to ameliorate its business products or services so as to fulfil the customers' wish or demand. In order to achieve that he needs to be original, creative and witty.

Further more another factor that the manager needs to take into consideration is the various political changes not only in his country but in the other countries as well. Those changes affect their economy thus they affect consumer's income. However if the manager tries to keep himself informed, has a good budget and has perspicacity then the organisation is not severely affected by those changes.

Another quality of today's manager should be continuing sensitivity to events. The manager should communicate with his employees, provide their vision, motivate them and bear in mind that he is the person who keeps the organisation united. He has to have the ability to create but also maintain successful teams.

He is also required to maintain a balance between conflicting goals. All the stakeholders of the organisation have set different goals in order to satisfy their individual interests. It is the job of the manager to ensure that individual interests are subordinated to the general interest.

It can be said that for managers to improve their managerial skills continuous training should take place. It is true that managerial skills are mostly obtained through experience however continuous training can improve them. Through training a manager can improve his productivity, increase his effectiveness and discover new and maybe more effective ways of running the organisation.

Overall it can be concluded that management and consequently managers play an essential role to an organisation. They ensure that the organisation achieves its goals by planning and organising the operations of the organisation; they keep the organisation united by co-ordination and control and they form the informational link between the organisation and the environment. However since organisations are a necessary part of our society, the role of management today extends beyond the organisation. The decisions and actions of management have an impact on individuals, other organisations and the community. Therefore the responsibility of management in our society is decisive not only for the organisation itself but also for the very future of our economic and social system.

REFERENCES

1. Mullins Laurie J, 1, Management and Organisational Behaviour, 5th edition, PRENTICE HALL

. Plunkett/Attner, 18, Introduction to management, PWS-KENT

. Stoner James A.F., Freeman R.Edward, Gilbert Daniel R., Jr, 15, Management, PRENTICE HALL

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Black Beauty

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Bridget Masinga is sitting here, all coy and girlish. We are talking about how her life has changed since reaching the finals of Miss South Africa (she ended up with the second princess sash). She is laughing as she re-tells this story about misbehaving in Sun City (``a three month paid holliday'' is how she puts it).

We're at Primi Piatti the one next to the Y-fm offices near the escalators to the Zone. As we sit there, throngs of people are walking up and down those escalators, some pointing at this black goddess with the cherubic cheeks and the legs that go on like railway tracks. But she doesn't seem to notice.

And then it suddenly dawns on me, looking at this woman who many believe should have been the 00 Miss SA I'm thinking, thank God she didn't win.

See, Bridget can still pursue her social upliftment projects (she's just come back from Kenya to build a relationship with the Women for Women organisation which helps abused women move from being ``victims to survivors to active citizens'').

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She can accept offers for TV gigs (there's a couple in the pipeline, she promises).

She can bask in the sun at a caf for this interview without worrying about missing her next sponsor obligations or appearance at the opening of another envelope.

She wouldnt be able to sit there wearing something sexy but casual like jeans and a t-shirt she'd be forced to 'dress like a beauty queen' with some stupid ballgown. And besides that, she might feel forced to keep flashing that Colgate (read, fake, forced, superficial) smile. And, shell have to be wearing that damned sash. And damn would that be a drag.

So, I say, thank God that Cindy Nell got the title. Good for you Pretoria princess with the too-good-to-be-true Cindy Crawford mole and sparkly eyes. Because Bridget might not have got the crown - but she sure as hell got something more street cred. By the bucket-loads.

And now shes free from chaperones (hello guys, that means theres no grumpy aging spinsters to smooth-talk before you can even home in), no sash to make you feel you need the Presidents permission. And best part (well for me, as a paid-scribbler), she can answer my questions without having them screened first.

Things like Is there a man in your life? (``Craig! Well actually there is someone…''[Damn!]).

So I guess hitting the town together won't be on the agenda? (``I am actually a home-body. I like spending time chilling at home'').

BRIDGET was of cause seen by many different people in many quarters as the perfect new styled reality TV kinda Miss SA beauty queen. She defiantly wore her hair natural, she spoke her mind (Im a pittbull in a skirt is a headline I remember seeing in a Sunday newspaper that I will never forget in a hurry) and she was cool. Y cool.

So you can't help wondering what Julia Morley, the ugly sister to the Cinderellas of the Miss World pageant, would have thought of her. Would Mrs Morley take one look at the Afro-sista and send her back to Darkest on the next plane?

Well, judging by her track-record, that's the sort of thing Mrs Morley is famous for doing.

Two years ago in Sun City she even rubbed Ernest Adjovi from the Koras up the wrong way. But that had nothing on what happened when Mrs Morley picked a place on the world map and decided that Nigeria - Abuja to be exact - had a nice ring to it as the next stop on her Miss World roadshow. So she announced to the world press that thats where the pageant in 00 would take place. And herded off her charges to the humid shores of the Nigeria capital.

Then all hell broke lose.

First there was the issue about a woman called Amina Lawal, who had given birth to a child outside marriage and was subsequently sentenced in March last year to be buried up to her neck and pelted with heavy rocks until she died. The sentence was passed by the northern state of Katsina under Sharia Muslim law and due to be carried out in 004. But Mrs Morley knew nothing about such practices.

To tell you the truth, before I left [for Nigeria] I thought Sharia was a girls name, she ingeniously told Vanity Fair magazine in an interview recently. I got into big-shit trouble because I hardly realised what I was letting myself into. Thats the honest truth.

But while the woman who coined the term beauty with a purpose for her pageant claims she was reassured by the Nigerian authorities that Amina would never be killed - and that Nigeria was safe - maybe her decision had less to do with safety and more to do to with money, as in the $10-million a Nigerian media company promised she would get if the pageant took place there.

So, in the Holy Month of Ramadan, 0 flat bellies peeping out of tight jeans set foot on the tarmac of a country half of whose population is Muslim.

Needless to say their reception bit chilly - despite the 0 degree humidity.

Then influential Nigerian newspaper ThisDay publishes a story in which its young female writer says this about Mrs Morleys young charges ``What would Mohammed think? In all honesty, he would probably have chosen a wife from one of them...''

And then the shit really hits the fan. Riots break out.

``Down with beauty'' the rioters chant. ``Miss World is sin! Allahu Akbar!'' Churches and mosques razed to the ground. Bystanders necklaced with burning tires. First 15 people die. Then 50. And finally 50 dead.

Miss Canada flees. Then Miss South Korea. And finally, Mrs Morley gives in and charters a jumbo jet to get all the beauty queens back to the civilization of a grey and somber London.

Then theres all the other jinx and high dramas which have beset this beauty pageant business over the years. Our own Miss Teen was a fiasco in year one when Charnelle Dennis fell pregnant during her reign and handed over her crown with her body ill disguised in a dress that made her look like a white, melting marshmallow to hide her ballooning tummy. And last years winner Sally-Ann Kopa, the daughter of a domestic worker, had to struggle with the organisers to finally get her four-wheel drive and still hasnt seen all the money that was promised to her.

Miss World, on the otherhand has been beset by feminists storming its stages and dousing bikini-clad contestants with tomatoes and floor in 170 and contended in 17 with one contestant (Gay Mei-Lin from Hong Kong) who it turned out, was actually born with one asset not required on the selection criteria a penis.

But what does this all mean for us in Mzanzi, where we are probably up there with our Latin and Indian brothers - and sisters - with being obsessed with beauty queens.

Well, beauty pageants are always ratings winners. And if you were to pick one group of people - other than politicians and ex-Simunye presenters - who are devoid of talent but get gazillions of column inches devoted to them in gossip columns and weekend supplements and magazine spreads then it would have to be beauty queens. They have taken over our TV screens, infiltrated our stores but thankfully they havent taken over the airwaves just yet.

Were always looking for another beauty queen who can follow in the footsteps of Penny Colen-Ray and Annelize Kriel to bring the crown back home. Beauty queen aficionados seem to come out of the woodwork as soon as its beauty pageant season (I know a Sunday newspaper reporter who can tell you the crown holders for the past two decades and his eyes positively glint everytime Miss South Africa is mentioned. Bassie, he says, she almost won it (meaning Miss Universe, I think). Did you know Im related to Jacqui...)

But maybe theres a naivete there that we will have a chance again. Or maybe Im just plain skeptical. But now really guys, do you really think we stand a chance. See, the way I see it, beauty pageants used to be about perving women in bikinis, morphed into some sort of do-gooder charity cases (albeit with long silky legs) and now its become a sort of politically correct roadshow sans geriatric politicos. A kinda United Nations of pretty faces with lithe bodies where, luckily, the United States doesnt threaten to scratch the other queens if their boobs are bigger or if someone stole her nail file.

How else do you explain why a Miss World pageant tarnished by an ignorance of Sharia law eventually sees a dark haired Muslim beauty, Azra Akin (Miss Turkey; favourite hobbies belly dancing and playing the flute) walking off the crown on December .

Coincidence? I think not. You can see Mrs Morley running it through her mind okay, weve had a few Indians, a black. Now we need a Muslim. And next, maybe an Asian...

Its sortof like a concerted effort to court the impoverished nations of the world. And, interestingly, all this new colour to a usually lily-white pageant comes at a time when TV audiences in the western world are at an all time low, while viewers in Third World countries are at an all time high.

And you can see why. Beauty pageants are about fairytales, of rags to riches dreams materialised. Beauty queens meet kings and Presidents, become TV presenters and soap opera actresses and Bollywood starlets. Many start their own PR companies - while others bring out clothing lines and some even sit on the boards of stock-exchange listed multinationals!

If you ask me, its politics which is what has been behind the locations of these OTT productions.

Thats why it made sense for post-apartheid SA to become a host country, and then the country with the biggest African population on the continent and now, this year China (the country with the largest population on the planet, which is rising as the worlds next superpower - and potential new market for all of the wests excesses) is set to be the next location.(Ironically, at the time of going to press Mrs Morley has become beset with a new crisis after the Sars outbreak threatened to scuttle her plans yet again!).

But don't think it's just the beauty queen business that has needed a face-lift. When it comes to the fashion industry, you can't help but notice that trends might come and go, but the faces seem to stay the same.

When Vogue magazine published it's millennium edition in November 1, it featured what it called it's `model army', an 11 page spread of 41 belles from ``sweet 16 to glorious sixtysomethings these are Vogue's favourite faces''; a sort of encyclopaedia of the most important models of the past 1000 years according to the fashion bible if you like. But here's the rub there were just three black faces Alek Wek, Naomi Campbell and Iman.

One school of thought about these sort of anormalities is the fact that the fashion tzars of the western world don't have a lot of black models to chose from. That maybe if they were given a larger smorgasbord of black beauties, the international catwalks would gradually change its complexion.

Thus, worthy efforts like the Face of Africa modelling contest arrived to right this, intent on produce a new crop of African models who can hold their own on the world stage. Oluchi Onweagba, the first winner in 18, became a runaway success, rapidly becoming an international catwalk star and today she is one of the world's top ten supermodels. Oluchi's success seemingly proved this theory. But a few years down the line, though, Face of Africa seems to have unraveled, apparently due to a lack of sponsors for the venture. And Oluchi's successors have failed to emulate her success. Benvinda Mundenge of Namibia, the 1 winner, was sent packing after her hip size ballooned while the 000 winner Nombulelo Mazibuko and one of her runner-ups Lerato Moloi both from South Africa suffered a similar fate last year, apparently told by their bosses at the American modelling agency that they could never work in New York because they were too big and 'didn't have a professional look'.

Scratching underneath the surface, though, and the words of Naomi Campbell keep resonating.

``If the modelling industry looks into a mirror, then it prefers seeing a white face there,'' she once said.

That same month that Vogue unveiled its millennium issue, a BBC documentary on the modelling industry showed footage of senior staff at the Elite modelling agency (which at the time represented Campbell) calling blacks ``niggers'' and saying that Africa would be a great country if they were all white.

In one exchange a chaperone for Elite models explains that black women are rarely used in the capital of the fashion world, Milan.

``In Milano they can never use a black girl or an oriental. Very few,'' one of the executives was heard to say during the programme.

The racist comments shed new light on complaints about the `narrow mindedness' of the industry made by Naomi Campbell in 16. It was that year that she made the allegation that racism was behind her removal from a Vogue cover in favour of a white model.

``This business is about selling - and blonde and blue-eyed girls are what sells,'' she said.

Meanwhile, supermodel Iman once complained that she earned four times less than her white counterparts.

Go to any fashion show in the world's so-called fashion capitals of New York, London, Paris or Milan and you will be lucky to see more than two black models strutting their way down the ramp in a show unless of cause it is a presentation of a black designer like Sean 'Puffy' Combs or Ozwald Boateng.

It's the sort of thing not vocalised in the multi-million dollar frock business, but modelling successes like Naomi, Alek, Iman and now Oluchi - are an anomaly, the kind of token nod to the darker hued sistas of the world.

Even the manner in which the industry writes about black models borders on the crude and demeaning. Naomi has been labelled a `black panther' while Iman, who was actually a diplomat's daughter fluent in three languages when she was discovered in Somalia the 170s was touted as an illiterate shepardess who could not speak English!

The stark reality is that commercial viability is the bottom line in any industry. And when the couturier houses of the world was to sell clothes, the best way to do so is on the bodies of white models. That's because most of their clients relate to someone who has the same skin colour as them, allowing them to visualise just how they might look in that same evening gown or jeans or skirt.

But now that you've heard the doom and gloom, listen up there's light glimmer at the end of that tunnel. It seems that, after centuries of wrongs, the fashion and beauty worlds just like Mrs Morley's Miss World are finally realising that we all don't need to look the same, act the same or be the same that there's beauty in difference. And the mighty dollar is all behind this change in mindset yet again!

Take the monolithic L'Oreal cosmetic and haircare company. A few years ago we were beset with images of blonde and blue-eyed supermodels in their ad campaigns. If you're an accountant, this makes sense because a decade ago 75% of the company's $5.5 billion in annual sales came from Europe (according to Fortune magazine). But last year Europe only accounted for 4% of the group's $1.7-billion in revenues. (One of L'Oreal's brands Soft Sheen, for instance, has seen 0% of its R00-million in sales come from South Africa). And maybe that shift in sales has a lot to do with the fact that L'Oreal might have French actress Catherine Deneuve as the official face of the company's main French brands, SA girl Primrose Molantoa is the face of L'Oreal in South Africa, creating an ad campaign which is more relatable to the market the brand is aiming to sell to.

As Lindsay Owen-Jones, CEO of L'Oreal, explains succinctly about the diversification of the faces of the brand ``We realised that people of African origin, whenever they were in the world, were a huge potential business.''

Certainly a shift in mindset about African beauty is reaping rewards. Take Andi Manxiwa, the -year old winner of the Y-Mag model competition (the brainchild of modelling industry guru Jan Malan and supported by model boss Paul Diamond). She has been able to compete in the prestigious Ford Supermodel of the World competition where she was placed in the top 0 of contestants from 5 countries. She has secured editorial shoots with a number of magazines overseas including one for Self magazine in Mexico and she's snared a two year modelling contract with the Ford modelling agency!

ENDS

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Political and social influences on fashion in the 1930's

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Here is an outline of the varying factors that influenced what was fashionable and what people wore in the 10's.

Political and social influences

World happenings the Wall Street crash had a huge direct affect on what people wore in the 10's. Following this, even though it was in America it caused the way of dressing in Australia to become more conservative but feminine as it used to be before the roaring 0's. Hemlines dropped to mid-calf for day wear and full length for evening. The waist line moved back to the waist, the mature feminine look was in. Men's dress also became less youthful and more masculine, they were sharper edged and had noticeable shoulder pads.

The Wall Street crash meant that most people turned to movies as relief from the depression. As result, what actors and famous people wore greatly affected what was fashionable and therefore what people wore. People wanted to look like the movie stars especially in the way of evening gowns.

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Shirley temple this particular young actress was greatly looked up to. She was the perfect example of what children wore in the 10's. Parents would intentionally copy her and dress their children in what she wore. Shirley temple's dresses were made available in dress making books like 'McCall's'.

End of World War 1 At the end of the First World War women were sewing much more as it was cheaper (this was desirable because women were more conservative and in the depression there was little money for clothes) women would often simply copy all the clothes that they saw in movies or in the shops. Clothing was mended or patched before it was replaced even though styles were rapidly changing.

Social the American influence was potent in the 10's. Designers from over there brought with them daring bright colours and patterns that Australians had never seen before. Designers and manufacturers would visit other countries, including America, -4 times a year to keep updated with the recent fashions there.

Some of the influential designers were; Paris based Elsa Schiaparelli was the Italian designer who brought the sweater into high fashion. She was famous for the extravagance of her clothes. She widened the shoulders even more with anything from pads to gathers and braids. She brought in the intense colours (eg 'shocking pink') and over sized buttons. At the other end of the scale there was Russian born Valentina who dressed elegant women in simple dresses with a beautiful cut. Getting right away from the prior fussiness.

Historical influencesLeisure time in this decade sportswear took a different turn from the usual feminine soft look of the typical day and evening wear. The sportswear became more masculine, sports suits, leather jackets and mid slacks became popular. But through most of the decade women still had to wear mid calf dresses. For leisure in the afternoon tennis, cricket, horse riding, picnics and basically creating their own fun was common as there was no T.V. computers or ready made games available. Therefore in the afternoon women would wear soft flowing mid-calf dresses that were all the same, very tailored. In the evening there was a transformation. Many evenings were spent in entertainment like, plays, cards, performances, dancing etc, so a more formal look was required. The dresses almost always dropped down to full length. To give it the dressier look they would be more fitted and would often have frills and bows to decorate.

On a customs level this age was still a very modest one despite the fact the women dressed so elegantly and femininely. Swimming was popular but due to these traditions there were many regulations for swimming. The swimming costume was still neck to knee for most of the decade. Nearing the end of the decade though, sun bathing was 'in' so the suits became a little less substantial, the three piece was introduced and was known as 'separates' On a technological note, the materials we use today for swimming costumes were not invented back then so they were mostly made out of cotton, sometimes wool. They were also not tight but were loose and sat rather like clothes.

Because there were so many different pass times and leisure activities to be involved in at different times of the day, there was a dress and particular style for every occasion and. It was very important for the women of the time to be wearing just the right dress. Social gatherings were a huge part of life. Here is a cartoon which strongly boasts this area of fashion and especially shows the impact that women wearing pants had. As, in this decade, women did wear pants, especially mid-calf, when the right occasion called for it.

Technological influences The first openly synthetic fibres were developed and available in the 10's. Prior to this there was only manufactured fibres that were developed to improve natural fibres. In 15 the Du Pont de Nemours Company successfully synthesized nylon. As a result, nylon stockings were introduced into fashion solidly by 1 but its use was interrupted by World War . Wide use of this synthetic fibre wasn't seen until after WW.

As written in the historical influences the synthetic fibres for swimming costumes were not yet available so bathing suits were made of cotton and loosely fitted.

Hair styles changed thanks to the availability of permanent 'Marcel waves' this new invention was very popular.

1 was seen as the beginning of the chemical age. A woman could easily and often did wear nothing but artificial materials from head to foot. So it was easy for a woman to be wearing; a cellophane hat, rayon dress and gloves to plastic pearls and bracelet, patent leather shoes with plastic heels, and a handbag with 'Lucite' plastic frame. Here is a report that was written on this subject at the time

CHEMISTS MAKE A

NEW WORLD

By Frederick Simpich

(From an article in The National Geographic Magazine, November 1

Photographs by Willard R. Culver

Copyright National Geographic Society 1)

At a New York fashion show, we saw a girl clad from head to foot in artificial materials. Everything she wore was made from synthetic stuffs created by chemists.

[A LIVING SYMBOL OF THE CHEMICAL AGE - She wears no silk, wool, linen, cotton, or leather - no jade, ivory or pearls. All is synthetic. From cellophane hat, rayon dress and gloves to plastic pearls and bracelet, patent-leather shoes with plastic heels, and a handbag with Lucite plastic frame, her outfit is all of laboratory origin.]

Her hat was cellophane; her frock was rayon. She wore Nylon stockings and carried a patent-leather handbag and stood in imitation alligator shoes and wore jade bracelets and ivory beads; her parasol handle was from beautifully colored plastic.

[HERE NATURE ONLY SUPPLIED THE GIRLS, THE PLANT LIFE, SEA AND SAND. - In this scene everything else is of artificial, man-made materials. Bathing suits, the beach dress, hat, umbrella, plates, napkins, tablecloth, sun glasses - even the book covers of PX cloth - are made of synthetics.]

Even the faint hint of musk on her imitation silk handkerchief came from a synthetic perfume; on her nails there glistened a synthetic dye, and other coal-tar dyes imparted rich shades to her ensemble.

[TRULY NOW SCIENCE WITH LUSTROUS MAGIC GILDS THE LILY - Thanks to mass production of man-made textiles, women today can be better dressed than ever before, and at less cost. This garment in tango shade is of rayon, which now so largely displaces silk.]

No wool or linen, no silk or cotton, no ivory or jade, not even any leather, figured in her costume. Only the girl herself was natural - natural flesh and bone wrapped in her own waterproof skin.

[FROM COAL, AIR AND WATER, SCIENCE PRODUCES THESE SOFT, DIAPHANOUS STOCKINGS - Known as Nylon, this amazing fabric is not imitation silk, but an entirely new material, developed by du Pont after years of research. Strong, durable, and elastic, it seems destined to have a profound effect on the worlds long-established silk industry.]

There she stood, a startling symbol of this new artificial world risen so fast since the World War. In newspapers, every few days, you read of yet another miracle from this or that great chemical laboratory - wool from milk; alcohol, rubber, and false teeth from gas; licorice from old stamps - or a new way to poison grasshoppers.

10'S FASHION

This is a brief description of the fashion of this decade. You can refer back to the fashion influences written above to see where some of the styles were derived from.

The 0's was a rapid change from the flapper look of the 0's. From that boyish look, fashions went back to being very feminine and mature. The hemlines dropped to mid-calf for afternoon dresses and to full length for evening gowns. Dresses were very willowy and soft. Darts disappeared and were replaced with ruffles, waistlines moved back to the waist and were very tailored underneath broad shoulders. Most often achieved by shoulder pads but this effect was also often gained by ruffles, braids, feathers, and gathers. These broad shoulders, slim waists and soft hips all accentuated the female curves. Necklines received a lot of attention. They were lower and often accentuated with ruffled or wide-scallop edged collars.

The evening/formal gown often had the popular empire waist with ties at the back. The dress could boast butterflies, fabric flowers, puffy sleeves, flowers could be placed at the centre of the neckline, to the side, on one shoulder, or at the centre waist and of course bows were another popular accent. Some designers also introduced large buttons, and bright colours. All of these accessories added to the emphasized feminine look.

Women's sportswear was more masculine than that of the everyday outfit. This is when sports suits and leather jackets and mid slacks became popular.

During this era fur was seen and worn extensively. Sable, mink, chinchilla, Persian lamb and silver fox were all in demand. They were worn as capes, coats, stoles, wraps, accessories and trimmings to clothes during both the day and night.

Hats, unlike in the 0's were now just an accessory. They were worn at an angle. Pill boxes became popular, turbans emerged and there were also brimmed hats.

Handbags, though, were much like those of the 10's. Beaded bags were seen extensively as well as enamelled and mesh bags. Leather bags didn't become popular until nearing the end of the decade. One design that was popular was the three pocket leather bag with a large flap and the owner's initials on the front.

There was no one kind of shoe which everyone wore in the 0's. there was a wide range which included rounded toes with wide thick heels, pumps, flat shoes, ankle strap styles with moderate heels, slip on's and lace up's.

Skirts in the thirties were very detailed. Yokes were common to give it a V shape. The skirts would hug the hips, minimising them and then often flare out a little to give a flowing look. Layers and ruffles also appeared. The bottom of the skirt could also consist of pleats or gathers.

The corset wasn't such a necessity it was still there but most boasted no boning. By the late thirties, the separate bra and girdle became acceptable but one piece corsets never ceased being available.

During this decade, men's suits became much sharper edged with huge shoulder pads.

Hair styles for women became much fuller and longer due to the availability and popularity of the 'Marcel wave'.

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Layoffs Community Change in China

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Layoffs Change in China 1

Layoff is a special kind of unemployment in China. It refers to the worker who is laid off from state-owned enterprises. Up to now, the amount of layoffs in China reaches more than 10 millions. Layoff has become a main problem of economic and social development in China. As a result, Chinese government, organizations, institutions and individuals have paid more attention and set strategies to solve to this problem. In this assignment, we try to illustrate the layoffs' history and current state, their measurable desired outcome and plan for change for relative institutions, partners, individuals, families and policies.

History of layoffs

Before 178, China carried out planned economy system. Its feature was that government directly run economy, including deciding production, distribution, and expenditure of enterprises. In this condition, enterprises had not self-management rights and the economic performance was bad. On such a base of state-owned system, China's 80 million state employees guaranteed jobs for life and cradle-to-grave welfare system. However, china transformed to market economy system

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Layoffs Change in China

after 178. The conditions of enterprises and their workers also began to change. In the condition of running market economic system, some enterprises bankrupted and others developed. Consequently, all the state-owned enterprises had to improve their technology and management to meet the challenge of sharp competition. As a result, some workers were unemployed due to adjustment of product structure and technology innovation. Since early 10s, more and more workers lost their jobs. Among18 and 001, the amount of layoff reached more than 0 millions.

Chinese government and all society have been working hard to solve this problem by setting and implementing series of strategies and policies. Up to now, . percent of layoffs were registered at reemployment centers. Among them, 15 millions have found new jobs. And among the rest 8 million layoffs who have no job, . percent of them got basic living allowances from the government.

The present situation of layoffs

Layoffs Change in China

Although efforts have been done to resolve the layoffs issue, the amount of layoffs is still on the top. The main problems of present situation are

1. Reemployment rate of layoffs went down annually. In 18, there were 6.1 millions layoffs reemployed with 50% of reemployment rate. The reemployment number of 1 was 4. million with the rate of 4%. In 000, reemployed workers were down to .6 millions with the rate of 5%. The year before last year, the amount of reemployed workers declined to .7 millions with a low rate of 0%.

. Aged problem become a barrier for layoffs to find new jobs. It's reported that 46.88% of layoffs are at the age from 5 to 45 and .% of them are at the age older than 45.

. Most of layoffs are unskilled workers. The official information shows that layoffs are generally poor educated. 48.57% of them are under high school level, 4.5% are high school level and only 8.1% of them are in college level. Their technical level is also in a low level. Only 5.67% of them are super technicians. The ratio of middle level is 4.18%. Obviously, 60.15% of them are under the middle level.

Layoffs Change in China 4

4. The living standard of layoffs is still in a low level. Although .% percent of layoffs have got basic living allowances from government, the average monthly subsidize of each unemployed worker is about $5 which only counts for 0% of employed workers. In this living level, layoffs feel difficult in affording house, medical care and education for their children.

5. The contradiction of supply and demand in labor market is still outstanding. According to Chinese government, China can provide about 40 million new jobs in the next three years. However, there will be more than 5 millions new labors enter the market in this period. The number of supply is 1 million larger than the number of demand. This condition is not good for layoffs who want to be reemployed.

6. Layoffs issue becomes unsteady factor in some places. There are still 15 million layoffs in China. They have no jobs and live in a low standard. It's inevitable that a few of them would be involved in theft, robbery and other criminalities. What's more, if the condition of layoff could not be changed in a certain time, they would show their resentment to government and society.

Layoffs Change in China 5

Therefore, government, institutions and all the society should pay more attention to layoffs issue. And the further strategies should be taken into action to resolve this thorny problem.

Measurable outcome of layoffs issue

We plan to use 8 years to solve layoffs issue completely. The goals and measurable outcome are showed following.

1. Eight years later, the reemployment rate of layoffs is up to more than 5%. It means that there are more than 14.5 million of present layoffs will be reemployed by the year of 010.

. Each layoff will be free trained to learn at least one new technology. This way, layoffs should improve their competitive abilities and find appropriate jobs.

. Unemployment compensation covers all the layoffs. Layoffs who have no abilities to be employed will be relieved by unemployment compensation. Their living level will reach to 70% of those employed workers.

Layoffs Change in China 6

4. All layoffs are covered with old aged pension, medical care insurance and other social security policies.

5. Each layoff's family member owes at least 0 square meters surface area of house. At that time, the problem of unaffordable house will no longer exist.

Strategies to change layoffs community in China

1. Adjust and improve policies for state-owned enterprise reform, industrial structure and income distribution.

First, the aim of enterprise reform should be changed to create more new jobs rather than simply lay off workers. This way, with the reform of enterprises, more and more layoffs should be reemployed in the condition of increasing labor rate of production and economic performance.

Secondly, properly develop some labor-intensive industries to employ layoffs. Employment has a vital bearing on people's livelihood. The task of increasing employment is arduous now and will remain so for a long time to come. It is a term strategy and policy of the state to expand employment. Governments at all levels are taking it as their major

Layoffs Change in China 7

obligation to improve the business environment and create more jobs. The measures include opening up more avenues for employment and develop labor-intensive industries, giving policy support to enterprises that increase jobs and reemploy laid-off workers, introducing flexible and diverse forms of employment and encouraging people to find jobs on their own or become self-employed, improving the system of pre-job training and employment services and raise worker's skills for jobs. This policy will benefit largely solving the problem of re-employment of laid-off workers.

Thirdly, government should collect funds to help layoffs by using tax and transfer payment. To develop economy and raise the living level of people, China began to carry out the new policy of encouraging some people become rich first through honest labor and lawful operations. In the same time, China has also made the best to make everybody benefit from reform and opening up to the outside world. In this policy, encouraging some people become rich first is the main aspect. As a result, the gap of living level between rich and poor gradually enlarge. This situation is not good for social change. For this reason, China turns to carry out a new policy to narrow the gap of income between the rich and the poor. Government will concentrate its eyes on solving the difficulties

Layoffs Change in China 8

and problems of the poor through taxes adjustment and transfer payment. Absolutely, this policy will benefit the laid-off workers.

. Enhance security policies regarding politics reform, open-up, poverty relief and security funding.

First of all, politics reform should be more effective. As a result, the functions of government would change from directly managing economics to paying more attention to social services. In this condition, government concerns about social fair, education, weakness and environment protection. Thus, layoffs should benefit from the change of politics reform. Developing democracy and establishing a political civilization are an important goal for building a well-life society in an all-round way. China develops the political situation characterized by democracy, solidarity, liveliness, stability and harmony. In China the core of political system is to guarantee people's rights, including life right, development right, labor right, and so on. Chinese government tries its best to safeguard and realize people's interests and regard continued improvement of people's lives as an important task. In the same time, China has enjoyed long-term social stability and solidarity and had a good government and a united people. Moreover, China will sustain

Layoffs Change in China

stable political environment. All these will make it possible to solve the problem of laid-off workers effectively.

Likewise, open more industrial areas to the outside world to absorb more investment including foreign funds and private capitals. This will increase more new jobs for layoffs. Definitely, China has the most largest consumption market in the world. Many countries tend to target this huge market by the aim of investing in certain industries. It's a good opportunity for China to develop its economics as well as to create more new jobs to society. So, open more industrial areas to outside world is an appropriate strategy to make more jobs for layoffs.

Furthermore, enhance poverty relief system in urban areas. 0 years ago, China's government set up a relief project to provide enough food and other living necessities for needy people and the people who lose labor ability. So far this project has reached great achievements and helped more than 160 million people out of poverty. But in the past, the policy of supporting poor mainly concentrated on rural areas. Since the goal in rural area is reached. It's time to change the target to urban areas right now. From 00, China will allocate more than $10 billion annually to relieve poverty in urban areas. It can be predicted that layoffs' life will be better in near future.

Layoffs Change in China 10

Finally, set up more effective system to fund unemployment insurance, old aged pension and medical care for layoffs. China's goal is to establish and improve a social security system compatible with the level of economic development. This will provide an important guarantee for social stability and long-term peace and order in the country. In the next eight year, China will fund $ 100 billions annually to improve the system of unemployment insurance and subsistence allowances for urban residents including layoffs. This social security system will help laid-off workers sustain living level.

. Set up suitable strategies to develop economic.

Keep economic development as the central task and maintain a sustained, rapid and sound development of national economy. Chinese government thinks that peace and development are two subjects of current world. Development is the fundamental principle. The key to solve China's problems is to develop economy. For more than 0 years, China has made its best to concentrate on developing economy and made great progress in economic construct. Now China make its mind to make economic growth reach more than 7 percent every year in the first two decades of 1st century. The goal of economic development is to build a well-off society in an all-round way. All these will create more

Layoffs Change in China 11

employment opportunities for laid-off workers and will provide more solid physical condition for solving living difficulties and other problems. From the increase of economic development, more than 60 millions new jobs will be created annually in which 0 millions of them can be provided to layoffs.

4. Fully encourage government, institutions, organizations, and individuals to help layoffs.

Center government, provincial government, city government and local government are responsible for funding and policy supporting. Civil affairs bureau is responsible for funding and relieving. Its duties include establishing relief policy, organizing relief work, supervising implement of social relief policy, relief laid-off workers and so on. It plays an important role in solving the difficulties of laid-off workers. Labor department is responsible for security policy support and information service. Financial department is responsible for gathering taxes and funding. Enterprise management department is responsible for information service and employment policy support. Poverty relief department is responsible for relieving poverty and difficulties. Re-employment Center is an organization that directly service laid-off workers. It provides information service, organizing re-employment

Layoffs Change in China 1

training, investigating the conditions of laid ¨Coff workers, allocating unemployment relief compensation. Union and Women's Federation are volunteers and partners in layoffs issue. They take charge of protecting layoffs' working rights. As an important partner, enterprise is responsible for providing new jobs. Neighborhood communities play an special role in this issue. They are partners in charge of providing family administrative jobs, employment information services. Another significant task of them is to mediate conflicts between neighborhoods. There are lots of donators in this issue, they are volunteers and donate money and foods for layoffs.

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Nike marketing analysis

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Profile of the Footwear Industry

a. Industry Size and Growth

The history of footwear goes back may thousands of years. It grew out of necessity to provide protection. Initially, footwear was made of plaited grass or rawide held to food with thongs. Soon the rich and influential began distinguishing themselves by the craftmanship aand decoration, which characterized their shoes. Today the footwear industry manufactures a wide range of footwear ranging from leather, rubber and other synthetic materials, and styles ranging from casual, formal, work, and athletic shoes.On average, every man, every woman, and child in the United States purchases more than four pairs of shoes each year, a level of consumption that establishes the U.S. as the world's largest importer of footwear. The U.S. accounts for about 40 percent of footwear imports. In 00, Americans spent approximately $8 billion to purchase more than 1.1 billion pairs of shoes.

In these four styles of footweaar, athletic shoes make up about 5 percent of the U.S. footwear market. The exercise boom sent athletic shoemakers Nike(#1), Reebok, and adidas-Salomon to the front of the pack. Athletic footwear includes aeorobic dance, baseball/softball, basketball, cross training, hiking, running, sport sandals, tennis, walking, "athleisure" (athletically styled casula shoes, canvas, suede and alternative sports) and "other," such as golf, football, and voleyball.

From the 180s through most of the 10s, athletic footwear saw rapid growth. However, in 18, sales suffered their first annual decline in five years. The market for athletic footwear remained difficult in the first half of 000. Consumers spent $6.514 billion for athletic shoes in the first six months, versus $ 6.50 billion during the same period in 1, according to research conducted by SGMA. Consumers purchased 180 million pair of shoes, up % from 177 million pair in the same period a year earlier. The second half of athletic shoe sales, a trend that remains under way. Athletic footwear sales rose 4.4% in 000 to $14. billion.

b. Industry Profitability

The athletic footwear industry is a challenging and saturated market. Intense competition, fashion ternds, and price conccious consumers have slowed groth in this industry. Manufacturers are combating sluggish sales with radical new styles, along with offering more stles at lower price points. Companies are looking for new ways to boost sales by capitalizing in direct internet sales to consumers. Many companies are also increaing profitability by transferring production to cheaper offshore facilities.

This segment has reached a point of maturity in the domestic market and can look forward to only modest sales growth for long term. However, sales are improving slightly, especially in the areas of running shoes, cross trainers and basketball shoes. Therfore, companies with strong brands will increasingly turn to international markets for growth.

c. Industy Enty and Exit Barriers

Entry Barriers

The athletic footwear industry is a very competitive and mature market. The leaders of this industry are very well established. Leaders like Nike, Reebok have made the industry what it is today. Consequently, long time competitors like Saucony and K-Swiss have been struggling for years just to keep their brands alive. This cutthroat environment has hindered the entry of new competitors. Economies of scale also contribute the lack of newcomers into this market. In order to have an edge over the leaders, companies must be able to compete at all levels such as reasonable pricing, efficient poduction, and high product quality. These things are difficult to achieve without the resources of an established maufacturer.

Another key barrier to entry is the access of traditional distribution channels. When combining the shelves at stores like Sports Authority and Footlocker, it is evident that leaders dominate the shelves. Lesser known brands are viewed by retailers as being too risky to replace an established brand like Nike or Reebok on the shelf.

These walls seems to be breaking down with the help of internet. The costs of overhead that come along with traditional brick and mortar retail distributors are being significantly diminished. New entrants are now able to slide into markets without these high startup costs, making it more profitable to begin production.

Exit Barriers

When a company decides to exit form this industry it must be aware of things such as indebtedness and its ability to meet those obligations. A company must also be cognizat of lawsuits filled by its stakeholders and claimms made on any residual assets.

History of Nike

The Nike Corporation began as nothing more than a friendship between college track coach and a student athlete. Bill Bowerman was the University of Oregon's tarck coach in 157 when he and runner Phil Knight met for the first time. Knight, an MBA student, was working on thesis speculating on ways to penetrate the German donimated U.S. athletic shoe market. At the same time, Boweman tinkerd with various athletic shoe desigb for which he used his wife's waffle iron to develop Nike's famous tread. In 164 Bowerman and Knight partnered and formed Blue Ribbon Shoes, a company with one employeee that specialized in designing shoes for track and field athlets. During their first year, Boweman and Knight slod 1,00 pairs of shoes and generated revenues of $8000. Over the next few years, Bowerman and Knight invested their money into Blue Ribbon Shoes and by 16, the company had grown to include 0 empployess and produced annual revenues of over $00,000.

Blue Ribbon Shoes' big break came in 17 when it introduced the Nike brand at the summer Olypmic games Steve Prefontaine, a world class track star was signed to endorse the Nike brand, and eventually, Blue Ribbon Shoes became officially known as the Nike Corpaoration. Nike suffered a blow in 175 when Prefontaine was killed in an automobile accident at the age of 4. Despite losing its key endorser, Nike continued to exceeed everyones's expectations in growth and revenues.

Over the next decade, Nike's revenue grew into millions as new products and product lines were introduced alongside celebrity athlete endorsers like John McEnroe and Micheal Jordan. In 186 Nike reached the billion-dollar mark revenues and contunied to grow in leaps and bounds. Although in an economic downturn, the company's 10 revenues reached nearly $ billion, ans Nike continues to sign big name endorsers like golf phenomenon Tiger Woods.

On cristmas Eve , 1, Bill Bowerman passed away. Although no longer an active member of Nike's board of directors, Bowerman's ideas and philosopies continued to have an impact on Phil Knight and the company as a whole. As the one remaining co-founder of Nike, Knight recently instituted a restructing of upper and excutive level management. Knight recruited executives from some of the top Fortune 500 companies including Microsoft, General Motors, and Disney. In addition, Knight shifted many of the existing managers into different positions and divisons throughout the company. By doing so, Knight hopes to keep the ideas fresh and the energy level high amon the managers.

Mission Statement of Nike

"To be the world's leading sports and fitness company"

Mission at Nike is to be a company that surpassess all other s in athletic industry. They maintain their position by providing quality footwear, apparel, and equipment to institutions and individual consumers of all ages and lifestyles. They pledge to make their products easy available worldwide through the use of retail outlets, mail order and company's web site. Nike's management belives that their success lies in the hands of its teammmates, customers, shareholders and the communities in which they operate. They wov to keep this in mind with the excution of every decision within the company.

Profile of the CEO

Philip H. Knight, chairman and Chief Executive Officer, is the co-founder of Nike, Inc. He has been the driving force behind Nike company's success snce its inception in 164 under the name of Blue Ribbon sports. Knight is 65 years old and holds an undergraduate degree from the University of Oregon and MBA from Stanford University. Knight practiced as a CPA and thouht at Portland State University prior to founding the company known today as Nike. He has been an innovative visionary in the industry of athletic footwear and apparel. His efforts have helped to established Nike as an Industry leader in both national and international markets. Knight's managerial mode is one that characterized by strategic planning. This mode is representative of an open-minded CEO, one willing to take calculated risks and make convervative decisions based on careful analysis of external and internal environments. Knight's decision-making style favors th participative approach. He is not hesiatant to make unilateral decisions, but prefers to look to his trusted management taem for their insight and ideas before choosing a course of action.

Recent Challenges

Recetly Nike has received negative publicity from the media regardoing sweatshop-type factories in foreign nations, predominantly Asian countries. Because a large amount of Nike's products are made in overseas factories, allegations of child endargerment, low wages, and overall poor working conditions surfaced against Nike. Knight and Nike quickly responded by instituing minumum age requirements in all factories, as well as wage increases and regular inspections. Although these improvements help to quash some of the negative publicity, many workers' roghts groups still argue that Nike is not doing enough to remedy these conditions.

Nike has also been affeted by the recent retire of basketball superstar Micheal Jordan. It is estimated that since his drafting into the NBA in 184, Jordan 's impact on the U.S. econmy has been over $ 10 billion, of which, $,6 billion can be traced back to Jordan related products sold by Nike. Jordan retierment prompted Nike to seek out another celebrity athlete endorse to help fill the void. As a result , golf progidy Tiger woods was signed to endorse Nike's line of golf shoes, apparel, and equiment. Last year Nike's golf division revenues were in the $00 million dollar range and expectations are high for the future.

Organizational Culture at Nike

Nike has created a corporate culture rich with employee loyalty and team spirit. Red "Swoshshes" float across everything form screen savers to coffee cups at the ompany's headquarters in Beverton, Oregon. The company chooses to call its headquarters a " campus" instead of an office. Employees are called "players", supervisers are "coaches" and meetings are "huddles". These terms go a long way to make the daily work experience less than dull for the lucky employees in Beaverton.

In 185, thirteen years after the company founded, Nike was blindsided when Reebok developed its multicolored aerobic shoes. It was then that Nike decided to reinvent the busineess and culture, becoming highly motivated about selling sports and "Nike way-of life" With this decision the company also restructured its marketing campaign, focusing more on an image rather than just product advertising, a strategy which led to the "Just Do It" mantra.

Since then, Nike has beeen striving towords an inner culture that reflects mantra. Employees are given an hour and half for lunch to play sports or simply workout. The new Nike is not just about shoes and slam-dunks, but about promoting life styles. All new employees view a video of sports highlights accompanied by a soundtrack that discusses the soul of athlete and competitive spirit. In addition mangement sends weekly emails to update employees on the recent succeess of Nike-sponsored athletes, and often hosts spokespeople to motivate and thank its staff for contributions to the sport world. It is not suprising that athletic background helps a prospective employee. In keeeping with its sports approach Nike asks its players to work by two principals above all others. "Honesty first, and competition second. Compete with yourself not your colleagues".

SWOT ANALYSIS OF NIKE

Strenghts

Nike's strenghts comprise their brand reognition, innovation, revenue, and size. One of its key competencies is the capability to extend its brand name coverage to a broad range of products. Nike has been at the leading edge of innovation and continues to illustrate that with thae introduction of the Nike Shox Shoe. The shock absorbing system in the shoe has never seen in a shoe before. The reputation of the shoe demonstrates that Nike not only has what it takes to invent cutting edge products, but also shows that they can create products that consumers will purchase. However, much of Nike's strenght is drawn from a considerable change in the lifestyle behaviour of its major consumers the young adults.

Weaknessess

Nike's weaknesses consists of shrinking market share, poor brand image, falling out of touch with what consumers want, and being slow to respond to changing consumers preferences. While Nike's market share is more than twice the close competitior, Nike's shrinking market share has become a weakness for them. In recent years, Nike has not been successful with manufacturing shoes that are worn for fashion versus function. The young adult consumer is for the most part concerned with the look and style of the shoe as opposed to its usage. This generation also seeks and thrives on being original and havig their own unique style. Young adults outlook on fashion is a downfall for Nike, because they connect Nike with their older siblings and parents thus creating a brand image tat some of them would prefer not to wear. Within the past year Nike has recognized this shift toward fashion with all of their consumers. One direct answer over the past year was Nike's introduction of its Air Presto athletic shoe, which is made of "strech mesh" to achive sizing more similar socks and will be available in 17 colors. The launch campaign for the Air Presto and will features south Park and Poekman animation caharacters with names based on the color of the shoes. These efforts symbolize Nike's commitment too a changing market, but whether Nike has addressed this shift in fashion too late is unknown. Any return to a more formal dress code than that now found in the young adult population could threaten Nike's position in the marketplace.

Nike's failure to foresee problems in relation to labor and factory conditions at production locations has resulted in bad publicity and decclining sales as society and consumers call for more "socially responsible" companies.

The average of Nike's board director is 6, the youngest meber being 4 and oldest being 7. This constitutes a possible weakness in that there is a lack of younger members of the board who could serve to bring a new perspective to the company And assist in achieving Nike's goals.

Opportunities

Nike's opportunities are cutting edge technology and forecasted great expectations for the coming years in the industry. Nike has always been one of the first organizations to announce technological breakthroughs in the shoe industry, as proven by the waffle design, Air Jordan, and now Nixe Shox. After a downturn in the footwear industry, the athletic shoe businesss is expected to grow in the coming years, which will be beneficial to all of the businesss in the athletic footwear industry.

Threats

The key threat for Nike is market saturation. The problem is that the athletic shoe market is already full of different brands and companies, Now there is very little room for new companies. There is also very little room for new product innovation and growth of markket share for companies like Nike. Since Nike is currently holding the lead in the market as far as market share, there is little room for them to expand. Nike is now competing with other athletic companies as well as companies that just sell clothing or other types of shoes. If all of these other coompanies merely gain a small percentage of the market, Nike will be one of the main companies to start losing market share. In response to this threat, Nike should focus its efforts on a broader market in order to keep its market share and make sure that competitiors like Old Navy do not steal away its market share.

Nike's threats are include the increase of competition, the down year the industry occurrence in 000 and 001, products like cell phones taking the place of shoes as a social status indicator, and the overall slowing economy. Competitiors like New Balance who gained 5% out of 10% of the footwear market share, have adone tremendous jobwith meeting customer style and comfort preferences. Nike understands that they must be more successful with repliying to changing consumer taste if they hope to regain past year market share loss and preserve their current markert share. Another major threat to Nike is the weakening of Nike's high social status connection. Ten years ago owning a pair of Nikes infleunced how cool you were. Today being cool is established by society as owning several possessions like pagers and cll phones. This overall shift in what society deems as important and fashionable requires constant versatility and adptability on business part.

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

OPPORTUNITIES Brand RecognitionInnovationRevenueSize Shrinking market shareSlow to respond to changing environmentNot responding to customer needs

THREATS Cutting Edge TechnologyEconmy on the Rise Increasing CompetitionSubstitution for Social status Indicator

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Change In self-AOS

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Change is inevitable however the manner in which change is accepted or embraced by the individual will eventually result in a change in self. This is evident in the poems "The Door" by Miroslav Holub and "Glass Jar" by Gwen Harwood; "The Crucible" a play by Arthur Miller; "Mother Who Gave Me Life" by Gwen Harwood and the song "Mama" by Spice Girls.

"The Door" by Miroslav Holub, in the form of a poem demonstrates that a change in self will result from experiences in which one encounters, depending whether the individual will embrace the change or not. The poem presents "the door" as an extended metaphor that represents embracing change and also as a symbol. Embracing change or not will depend on whether the individual wishes to remain in the state they are or leave that limited world through the door. Thus, the door is also a symbol; a closed door represents a barrier, which keeps us confined and limited, whereas an open door introduces new possibilities by allowing us past that barrier; therefore exposing ourselves to change. The poem begins with, "Go and open the door", a short, powerful and demanding imperative that is repeated throughout the poem. The use of the imperative creates an emphatic tone which entreats the reader to step "outside" of their 'comfort zones' and open themselves self up to change in order for a change in self to occur. By opening the door, the individual enters a new state of being filled with opportunities and possibilities. This is presented through the imagery employed by the composer, suggesting to the reader that nothing is certain once that door is opened, only possibilities such as a single "tree" suggesting growth in character; to a beautiful and benign "garden" which suggests an improvement in one's life, progressing through to a wondrous "magic city". This process continues even to the unpleasant sight of "a dog's rummaging" in search and curiosity through the fixed gaze of "an eye" to "the picture, of a picture" where one learns more about themselves and gains a new perception, which in essence results in a change in self. However, before a change in self, confusion and one's uncertainties must be cleared of, just as "there's a fog, it will clear", ambiguously the fog can symbolise outer fog or internal fog inside of one's mind causing confusion and lack of direction. In reverse to this, these words encourages the reader, suggesting that by grasping opportunities and going forward in your life, there will be less confusion and more certainty. The poem repeatedly encourages the reader to "go and open the door", to take a chance on change "even if/ nothing/ is there". Here the composer has used parallel structure and cumulation of sentences beginning with "even if" to emphasise the importance of opening one's self up to change as "at least/ there'll be/ a draught," suggesting metaphorically the occurrence of change as we will feel something eventually even if it is just a cool breeze. Through opening the door, hence, opening one's self up to change, one gains a greater understanding and growth in character once change is accepted and embraced.

This is linked to the poem, "Glass Jar" by Gwen Harwood as it also deals with changes in self once the individual develops a mature understanding of life through personal experiences . The poem presents a young boy as its persona. Being afraid of the dark, he attempts to place "a glass jar in the reeling sun", in hope that the light will be captured as he places "this pulse of light beside his bed". Light is a symbol of security and a sense of direction, motifs of light is utilised by the composer to contrast the persona's feelings of safety and "total power" in the light as opposed to feelings of "fear" in "dream and darkness". Metaphorically, the sense of darkness in this poem is used to represent the persona's "secret hate" as he lacks understanding of the "thicket of his fear", the fear which lies deep within him, a fear in which he, himself is creating subconsciously. This is presented through the synecdoches used by Harwood such as "pincer and claw"/"trident and vampire fang", which are mosaics of creatures used to represent the whole as the child sees his fear as 'bits and pieces', demonstrating that his fear is not understood. Apart from this, Harwood also made use of images such as "Love's proud executants played from a score no child could read or realize" and "the child dreamed this dance perpetual", which emphasises not only the child's lack of understanding of the music of love played between two people, but also the child's lack of understanding of life as he believes the dark night would always remain. However, in stanza four this child took a chance on change as while in deep "dreams" attempts to understand it realising now it is no longer 'bits and pieces' but an entire image of a "ring of skeletons", suggesting to the reader that in order to overcome one's fear, one must understand the fear by seeking it. Though, the child still did not completely understand his fear. This is only when he woke up the following day to find the glorious "sun" shining vividly in the bright sky "through flower-brushed fields" with the use of pleasant sounds of 'f' and 'l' in daytime. Here, Harwood not only ends the poem in "triumph" but also adds a shared joke mocking the child as "night's gulfs and hungers, came to wink and laugh", suggesting that the light of day will always return after a dark night along with the child's foolishness. In order to overcome personal fears, whether they are internal or external, one must understand what it is that they are frightened of and attempt to seek and conquer that fear, in doing so, one develops a deeper understanding of life and results in a change in self.

Alike the persona in "Glass Jar", John Proctor in the play "The Crucible" by Arthur Miller also overcame his own weaknesses through greater understanding of himself, hence, resulted in a change in self. In a Puritan society ruled by theocracy such as Salem, the people lived in fear, fear of modernism, fear of repression and therefore a fear of change. Despite this, John Proctor is one of the few who lives by conscience not ritual and it is this conscience which essentially allows Proctor to overcome his personal guilt of lechery, as a result changes himself. In Act Two, Proctor and Elizabeth's marriage is tormented as Proctor's personal guilt of lechery and denial causes them to drift apart shown through the stage direction in this act as "a sense of their separation rises",here Miller also made use of seasons as even though it was really "eight days after spring" , yet Proctor claims it to be "winter in here yet", suggesting the coldness of their marriage. Proctor's personal guilt agonises him as he tries to silent the truth, however, Proctor's character rises in Act Three as his inner torment is shifted onto public stage where he reveals in court, "I have known her sir, I have known her", here Miller shows conflict between Proctor's public reputation and personal honour as he is ["trembling, his life collapsing about him"] as he stands before the authority of the court. This demonstrates great change in Proctor as he has now confessed his sin and opened himself up to change. Miller also shows immense change in Proctor in the last act as he refuses to name others in court by signing the confession, this is shown through the symbolic gesture of ["a cry of his soul"] when he replies to judge Danforth, "Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name!". Once again, Miller made use of stage directions as ["Proctor tears the paper and crumples it, and he is weeping in fury, but erect"], which shows that Proctor is proud of what he's done and realises that "for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to weave a banner, but white enough to keep it from such dogs". At this point, Proctor has come to realisation and therefore understands more about himself as there is good within him and that he cannot do what is wrong. Now that Proctor understand more about himself, he has opened up not only himself but the barrier between him and his wife, Miller exposes this to the audience through his use of a dramatic representation as Proctor "lifted her, and kisses her with great passion" contrasted to the kiss in act two when ["He gets up, goes to her, kisses her. She receives it. With a certain disappointment, he returns to the table.], the difference between these two kisses is that one suggests coldness and disconnection while the other, passionate and loving showing great change in both Proctor and Elizabeth as they are now free of guilt of lechery and guilt of judgement. Proctor during the course of the play has demonstrated to the audience that in order to change, individuals need to understand more about themselves in order to overcome own weaknesses.

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"Mother Who Gave Me Life", by Gwen Harwood is also a poem displaying growth in understanding of individuals, which ultimately leads to a change in self. In this poem, Harwood acknowledges the role of mothers in society and displays changes in self once an individual matures their understanding of life, hence becomes more appreciative. In the first stanza, Harwood shows her lack of understanding as a child as she says "Forgive me the wisdom I would not learn from you", suggesting the lessons taught by mothers about the role of women in society yet taken for granted by the child who does not comprehend this lesson. The reason for this lack of comprehension is shown through the "closed ward door", symbolising a barrier between a mother and child as they are from different generations and have different views, in consequence results in disagreements. However, Harwood utilises emotive language, through repetition of the word "anguish" in stanza three and eight giving great effect onto the reader as they realise how much suffering their mothers have been through and becomes more appreciative once they understand. This appreciation is shown at a higher level when she sees her mother's face "crumple", suggesting once again pain and suffering of mothers, "then, somehow, smooth to a smile/ so I should not see your tears", showing the extent of the role played by mothers, even at her deathbed tries to alleviate the pain of others despite her own pain. Here, Harwood also introduces sibiliant sounds of 's' and 't', symbolising the gentleness of mothers as they smooth away our fear and pain. One of the main symbols Harwood has utilised in this poem is the "fine threadbare linen worn, still good to the last", also an extended metaphor of linen representing the mother figure as she continues her role as a mother till the very end, despite lack of physical strength as she ages. Once the motherly figure is gone, there is a terrible sense of loss. Harwood acknowledges this in her last stanza through her memory of "a lamp on embroidered linen", the lamp being symbolic of her mother as she is the light of the house, once gone "darkness falls on my father's house", suggesting the effort of mothers in building up a family and after her death there is a sense of loneliness in the house. What's left is only her mother's "voice calling", a vocative image of mother's role to call in their children at dinnertime. Harwood used gentle fading sounds of 's' and 'f' to end her poem as she shows that through the nurturing, care and love of mothers, changes individuals as they come to realisation and appreciation, hence a greater understanding of the role of their mothers in what they have done and who they were for us.

The appreciation shown through in "Mother who gave me life" is also presented in the song, "Mama" by Spice Girls, once again resulting in a change in self through greater understanding and appreciation. The song begins with a soft tune, creating a personal reflective tone from childhood, then high pitched, emphasising an extent of regret and yearning, and follows through with soft, high, soft, ending with high pitch suggesting strong emotions and mature yearning for mother to come back, contrasting to the start which has a soft pitch. The song begins with, "She used to be my only enemy and never let to be me free", a childhood memory showing lack of understanding of mother's protective role, through to, "I never thought you'd be the friend I never had", in contrast shows greater understanding of her mother's care and love at a mature level. Also at a mature level, the repetition of the lyrics in stanza two, four, five and six, "Mama I love you, Mama I care/ Mama I love you, Mama my friend/ My friend" emphasises the adult's feelings and emotions after her mother's death, showing once again a sense of regret as she previously "never had a sense of resposibility" or appreciation towards her mother. The turning point which demonstrates a change in self is through the lyrics, "So now I see through your eyes/ All that you did was love", demonstrating that the individual is mature as she can now reflect through the eyes of the mother to understand why her mother did the things she did and who she was for her children.

In conclusion, despite that change is inevitable, it is shown through the texts that it is the manner in which change in accepted or embraced which ultimately results in a change in self.

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Law and obedience

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Laws are put in place when communities can no longer be governed by tradition or a shared sense of values. To have a society and more so a landmass of people differing in culture, value and day-to-day rules, a set of laws backed by outcomes and punishment must be installed to ensure respect for one another's differences. The question of debate is "can it be wrong to obey the law in Canada?" I have chosen yes, the law is not perfect and mistakes and changes throughout history such as women's and minority's rights to vote will be among my stronger points. Assisted suicide (Euthanasia) will also be discussed due to its high profile nature challenged throughout many cases as a law contradicting rights in the charter. And finally I will discuss marijuana's effects and the lack of health issues, which surround its use, and in turn why it is not considered a wrongful drug my many. My goal is to make enough strong points to give reason to believe that at times it can be wrong to follow the law.

Historical Changes dealing with laws

History repeats itself they say, finding laws of the past which are strongly opposed to now is something we can expect of our grandchildren when they view laws we live by presently. Although it is simple to say that law is gradual and changes happen only when people want them to happen, it is not so easy to explain why it has taken so long to give women and minorities the right to a vote. The real question is simple, not giving minorities and women the right to vote now is simply wrong and unlawful, but was it right when it was still a norm in the past. Laws now, protecting everybody from discrimination have existed and changed so much since the beginning of the 0th century, but racism and hate crimes still go unnoticed and the law keeps being bent and broken. When a law is changed it is changed because society feels it needs to be changed, making the previous belief wrong and the present law always questionable. Women have had to struggle for their rights to be known and so have minorities while being oppressed due to a common unfair tradition on the backs of wealthy white men. Democracy caters to all but it has been tested over time. Until everyone casts a vote is it truly a democracy? No. Women gained the right to vote first in 116 Manitoba, it was not until 140 when all descents of women were given the right to vote including Chinese, Japanese and east Indian and then finally in 160 men and women of Inuit descent were registered as votersA1. These dates are surprisingly recent yet have been so slow to recognise that they are simple human rights. While these facts do not directly give the idea that following some laws are wrong they do point out that the laws surrounding major issues in the past have proven to be wrong, so when a woman spoke out for her right to vote in 116 she was looking to change a law and not necessarily break one.

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Euthanasia Relating to Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia is a right everyone should have, the right to leave this world in peace. Section 41 of the criminal code1 states that every person who "counsels" a person to commit suicide, or "aids or abets" a person to commit suicide, is guilty of an indictable offence, whether suicide ensues or not, and faces imprisonment for up to 14 years. Section 41 also states that "no person is entitled to consent to have death inflicted on him, and such consent does not affect the criminal responsibility of any person whom death may be inflicted on the person by whom consent is given." With this in mind the law clearly prevents many who suffer from HIV or other terminal diseases of granting their wishes to die in a smooth conforming manner. Many people infected with HIV know of the loss of dignity or the agonizing death which accompanies the AIDS, yet their option to leave this world before experiencing any dismay is not lawful it is in fact very difficult to find any assistance without the worry of compromising others freedoms. One of the most famous cases dealing with assisted suicide is a case in 1 involving a woman who challenged the Supreme Court of Canada; it was named the Rodriguez case. Suffering from ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) she challenged the Charter under sections 14 and 41 arguing that her rights were violated. A Supreme Court rejected her lawsuit in that there was no violation of her rights to liberty and security. In another case more recently, 001 a man named Jim Wakeford from Toronto challenged the same Charter rights pleading for the court to grant him and a medical practitioner of his choice a constitutional exemption from the Criminal Code provisions. His case was stricken out due to it having no sustainable legal basis.

One could argue the same rights in a case of prostitution, after all these are rights dealing with the use and or outcome of your own body. A point made over time is the right to refuse medical treatment. The case of Malette v. Shulman reads self-determination and the concept of individual autonomy lie at the heart of an individual's right to refuse medical treatment. This would give you the idea that assisted suicide can be accomplished legally, but in order to have a dignified, pain free procedure take place there are many legal issues at stake. To assume suicide for anyone who is suffering can be accomplished legally without help is foolish. Just because you want to end your life doesn't mean your morals and respect for the laws you have lived with can be traded in. No matter how much the pain or the sadness from family and friends watching the suffering causes, most people are moral and hold dignity and pride among their own pain. The Idea of courts recognising this would seem likely, but too much could be at stake for future cases dealing with possibly murder, using assisted suicide as a defence. There should be a system catering to people who have no hope of survival or avoiding pain without compromising their lifestyles fundamentals. There are too many cases of people trying to meet the ultimate end of their lives, who are veered away from their own instinctive rights by the law's cold feelings and attitudes for something not easy for anyone to understand. A study4 performed of 1 people who planned to have assisted suicide basically stated that they felt relief after having planned an assisted suicide death. The findings include as follows

- Death through overdose of drugs was the most commonly cited method planned for assisted suicide;

- Those planning to have assisted death stated that they would all end their lives when they felt they had reached the point in their illness when they had no chance of recovery;

- The decision to have assisted death, and the planning associated with that decision, can occur at any stage of HIV and AIDS and is not unique to individuals whose illness has progressed;

- Depression did not appear to be a factor that affected the decision to have an assisted death, and none of the persons living with HIV/AIDS voiced concern that no one cared for them;

- Many were concerned about the loss of control related to future health problems and death that not all pain could be controlled, and the side effects associated with pain control.

These are strong convictions of self-assurance in the matter of death. These people are not unstable and are in most cases well enough to appear in court. They ask that they be given a legal break so that society may not make a mockery of their conclusion. Law biding or not, these people have made decisions and will most likely go through with them, and on the grounds of being legal and moral, both can coexist with some planning and common sense.

Marijuana

Most people have probably tried a cigarette or a glass of wine and even a joint of marijuana in their lifetime. Do these three items belong in society and more so do they require legal boundaries so much as to ban them. Tobacco is taking an obvious hit from the government with good reason, the severe health risks that come with the habit. Sure it can be nice to have a cigarette every now and then, just like a slice of cake with lots of calories that's high in fat. And sure a glass of wine a day can be good for you as long as your not one of many people who drink and drive, have a dependency problem or even beat their wife out of frustration, anger or are just too blinded by the liquor to realize they have a problem. Very rarely if ever will you hear of a marijuana user who has hit his wife while intoxicated solely on marijuana. Smoking marijuana isn't the best thing for you by any means, but as a past time it is no worse than the rest of the drugs available to us. In fact its medical problems shadow so far beneath the cigarette and the booze it's a wonder it's not legal. A list of facts5 surrounding marijuana and its effects presented into a court are as listed

- Consumption of marijuana is relatively harmless compared to the so called hard drugs and including alcohol and tobacco;

- There exists no hard evidence demonstrating any irreversible organic or mental damage from the consumption of marijuana;

- That cannabis does cause alteration of mental functions and as such, it would not be prudent to drive a car while intoxicated;

- There is no hard evidence that cannabis induces psychoses;

- Cannabis is not an addictive substance;

- Marijuana is not criminogenic in that there is no evidence of a casual relationship between cannabis use and criminality;

- That the consumption of marijuana probably does not lead to "hard drug" use for the vast majority of marijuana consumers, although there appears to be a statistical relationship between the use of marijuana and a variety of other psychoactive drugs;

- Marijuana does not make people more aggressive or violent;

- There have been no recorded deaths from the consumption of marijuana;

- There is no evidence that marijuana causes a motivational syndrome;

- Less than 1% of marijuana consumers are daily users;

- Consumption in so-called "decriminalized states" does not increase out of proportion to states where there is no decriminalization;

- Health related costs of cannabis use are negligible when compared to the costs attributable to tobacco and alcohol consumption.

Having listed all the facts of marijuana, which are clearly in direct opposition with tobacco and alcohol, it is hard to feel a sense of crime when indulging. Although the decriminalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes has lifted some weight of law enforcers there are not enough reasons provided for society to justify a complete ban. Many parents might feel more comfortable knowing that their teen daughter or son is going to a bar to "smoke up" rather than to get drunk. From a parental perspective the hope your siblings can limit their use of either of the drugs would be ideal, but parents shouldn't have to worry about experimentation taking place through shady characters, but rather a controlled environment. The worry of violence is almost non-existent with the use of marijuana opposed to alcohol granted they are different in their effects. Medically, marijuana has competed with many other types of medication to replace THC (tetrahydrocannabinol/marijuana), but overall THC shows lesser health problems as well as being very cost effective5. Maybe ten years from now it will be looked to as a stress reliever and have the freedom its fellow drugs in the market tobacco and alcohol share, and more importantly the freedom for Canadians to decide which drug they will partake in if called for. For now possession fines are minimal yet the hate is still shared and the hypocrisy still continues.

Although time is in order for any type of change, the changes must start somewhere. The need for something different is common for people and therefore society must work together to decide what is going to help our future rather than alter it. History has given into many of its mistakes but only because of people striving for happiness and fairness. The future of euthanasia as usual will be hard to conclude and always hard to understand, when ones life is in the hands of an oppressor or a law it is hard to feel your rights as a Canadian are being met. With proper structure, even suicide can be less trivial and more understood with the willingness to listen and learn to the basic needs humans share, which have no selfishness attached. As for marijuana, the future will be bright, dark or cloudy to some. People who smoke don't want to feel wrong for enjoying it, people who don't smoke marijuana anymore may not want to be faced with its pros and cons and people who have never tried it will always have up to date facts as weather or not they will or will not experience with it. The key point I have made throughout this essay is to establish the need for choice be it a vote, a joint or even suicide. The laws are in place for the people and most importantly by the people, but people make mistakes and so the laws we follow. A Democracy is the right to change and the right to oppose. Laws don't work for everybody, and not everyone can follow those laws. So to answer the question "can it be wrong to obey the law in Canada", yes of course it can. People will continue to lie in court rooms to protect somebody and people will always wonder if a politician is telling lies, but we must all understand that laws are made to do the best job they can and are far from perfect. If I were to write this essay question again, using different sources and another array of topics, I would look to smaller cases such as unfair settlements dealing with custody in family law. Also I could find a long list of challenged laws from the past throughout newspapers or journals, which would correspond, to people making changes and laws being moulded. Law is always questionable that's why people have court hearings and lawyers, if following a law is morally wrong then that is an individual decision which eventually we will all face.

Microsoft ® Encarta Encyclopaedia, 14, Funk & Wagnall's Corporation.

Canadian criminal code, section 41

Wakeford v. Canada (attorney General), 001 OJ No 0 (QL).

Malette v. Shulman (187), 6 O.R. (d) 4 (C.A.) at -10

Canadian AIDS Society. Study on Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide and HIV/AIDS. A Report Prepared for the Canadian AIDS Society by Carole Neron. Ottawa The Society, 16. Neron's study began as a qualitative study forces and was later expanded for academic purposes.

http//www.ontariocourts.on.ca/decisions/000/july/clay.htm.

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