Hamlet

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Hamlet's Noble Performance

Madness is a condition of the mind, which eliminates all rational thought, leaving the mind without accurate conception of events surrounding it. In William Shakespeare's masterpiece Hamlet, there are many debates surrounding the protagonist character, Hamlet, and whether or not his madness is real or feigned. Many aspects of Hamlet's demeanor support the loss of control in his actions, while other parts uphold his mental ability. The issue can be discussed both ways and can collectively provide significant support to either theory. Throughout the play, there are indications shown through Hamlet's words and actions that question his mind's well being.

It was a disastrous and overwhelming time for Hamlet. His father had just passed away, his uncle had taken his kingship by wedding his mother, and then the ghost of his deceased father appears to Hamlet with the news that Claudius had murdered him and that he wanted Hamlet to avenge his death. Furthermore, the love of his life, Ophelia, is instructed by her father, Polonius, to never see Hamlet again. "Do not believe his vows; for they are brokers" are the words that Polonius uses to persuade Ophelia that Hamlet is not true to his words (Act I, Scene III, line 17). This would seem to be reason enough for anyone to turn mad, but this was not the case for a brilliant and strong-minded individual like Hamlet.

Hamlet's mood is altered throughout the play. Hamlet appears to act mad when his is informed that his father was murdered, by speaking "wild and whirling" words when he says, "Why, right, you are in the right. And so, without more circumstance at all, I hold it fit that we shake hands and part…" (Act 1, Scene V, lines 17-1). It seems as if there are two Hamlets present throughout the play, one that is sensitive and an ideal prince, and quite opposite, one that appears to be an insane madman, who from an explosion of rage slays Polonius with no feeling of regret. Then after Hamlet murders Polonius, he refuses to tell anyone where his body is. Instead, he assumes his contradictory state, which most everyone around him perceives as madness. "Not where he eats, but where 'a is eaten. A certain convocation of political worms a e'en at him" (Act IV, Scene III, lines 0-1). Furthermore, Hamlet proceeds to tell Larates that he killed his father in a fit of madness. "That might our nature, honour and exception, Roughly awake, I here proclaim was madness" (Act V, Scene II, lines 0-04).

Hamlet's erratic behavior toward Ophelia is inconsistent throughout the play. He jumps into Ophelia's grave, where he ends up in a fight with Laertes. During the fight with Laertes, Hamlet professes how much he loves Ophelia when he proclaims that, "Forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quality of love, make up my sum" (Act V, Scene I, lines 7-8). This proclamation seems quite odd considering he told Ophelia that he never loved her when she returns his letters and gifts.

Hamlet has a violent outburst toward his mother when he sees his father's ghost and his mother does not. During this scene Hamlet appears to be irrational and silly. "On him, on him! Look you how pale he glares! His form and cause conjoined, preaching to stones would make them capable" (Act III, Scene IV, lines 16-18). Perhaps he feels insane given that every other time he had seen his father's ghost, someone else had seen it too.

Persistent supporting factors that argue Hamlet's sanity are shown throughout the play, which all seem to compromise his madness. Hamlet tells Horatio that he is going to feign madness and that if Horatio notices any strange behavior from him, it is because he is putting on an act. Hamlet also tells his mother that he is not mad, "but mad in craft" (Act III, Scene IV, line18).

More contradicting evidence about Hamlet's sanity is that his madness only surfaces when he is in the presence of certain characters. When he is around Polonius, Claudius, Gertrude, Ophelia, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, he acts irrational and mad. However, when Hamlet is in the presence of Horatio, Bernardo, Francisco, the Players, and the Gravediggers, he behaves normal.

Other characters confess that Hamlet's actions are still strange, and debate whether his insanity is authentic or not. Claudius confesses that Hamlet's actions "though it lack'd form a little, was not like madness" (Act III, Scene I, lines 154-155). Claudius then proceeds to tell Polonius that

There's something in his soul, O'er which his melancholy sits on brood; and I do doubt the hatch and the disclose will be some danger which for to prevent, I have quick determination. (Act III, Scene I, lines 156-160)

Polonius admits that he feels that Hamlet's actions and words have a method to them and that they appear to have a reason behind them which is logical in nature. "Though this be madness, yet there is method in't" (Act II, Scene II, line 00).

Whether Hamlet was sane or insane is answered nonchalantly throughout the play. Since it is somewhat agreeable that Ophelia was crazy, it is possible to use her character to validate my argument that Hamlet was sane. Hamlet and Ophelia both shared premeditated thought patterns, such as Ophelia's singing and Hamlet's verbal attacks. Quite interestingly enough, Hamlet did not shout harsh remarks before he died, while Ophelia had, on the other hand, sung floating down the river! They both seemed to share the same calmness before both of their deaths. If Hamlet were mad, like Ophelia seemed to be, he would have remained hectic and violent in words up until the time and after the duel. In fact, Hamlet even reasoned with what death was for him, finishing his question of whether life was worth living. Hamlet can truly be seen as reasonably sane when he speaks the ever so profound question "To be or not to be" (Act III, Scene I, line 56). The fact that Hamlet was smart and swift in thinking and that Hamlet's emotions reversed from the death of Polinous to the end only points to the truth that Hamlet was a great performer.

SORRY DONT HAVE ONE

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America: the Land of Opportunities

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After the War of 181, the new western frontier, the industrial revolution and the transportation revolution provided new opportunities for Americans. Despite the many opportunities the Native American Indians and the African slaves had very little offered to them.

The new western frontier had numerous opportunities for Americans. The frontier initially was attractive to the farmers of the East Coast. The land's soil was richer whereas the east farmland was sandy; therefore the opportunities of producing a high yielding crop was higher. Land was less expensive and easier to obtain. "Government land after 180 could be bought for $1.5 for about half a hectare and after the 186 Homestead Act, could be claimed by merely occupying and improving it" (Westward Expansion and Regional Difference ). The farmers had to be hunters as well. The hunters, primarily men, left their home for days at a time to hunt. The men as hunters often left the women at home. Loneliness was common among the women in the new frontier. The westward expansion was about change and "because most Indians preferred to maintain their tribal ways, Jackson pursued a policy of "removing" them from the path of white settlement (Garraty and Carnes 1).

The removal of the Native Americans, during the westward expansion, was met with resistance and resignation. "A few tribes, such as Black Hawk's Sac and Fox in Illinois and Osceola's Seminoles in Florida, resisted being "removed" and were subdued by troops" ( Garraty and Carnes ). Other tribes such as the Cherokee's desired retaining their land and tried to assimilate to the settlers ways but "many tribes resigned themselves to removal" (Garraty and Carnes 1). The end result of the westward expansion was a literally a trail of deaths. Thousands of tribes traveled during the winter months and died from starvation or from the cold. The irony of the travels is that the original roads created by the Native Americans had become the pathways for the pioneers of the west.

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The transportation revolution provided opportunities for the Americans. The need for roads and canals increased the nation's economy and created jobs for Americans. The advantages of having an improved transportation system were the ability to trade longer distances and trade was less time consuming. States were now able to trade among each other at a faster pace. For example, prior to the Erie Canal, travel time by stage- coach was over two weeks and with the use of the canal the same journey was attained in six days. The nation received increased revenues with the toll charges placed on the road and canal usage. The Erie Canal "brought in over a half million dollars in tolls in its first year" (Garraty and Carnes14).

The jobs in America created an influx of European immigrants. Many Europeans felt the push- pull factor because of the many opportunities available in America. The land was easily acquired, affordable and the soil richer. Land and jobs in Europe was not as readily available hence the push to leave their homeland. The Erie Canal diggers primarily consisted of Irish immigrants partly because they were willing to work for less that the Native American settlers.

The industrial revolution provided opportunities for Americans. The industrial revolution like the transportation revolution improved the nation's economy and created jobs. The invention of the steamboat resulted in larger transportation of products and the invention of the cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry. The steamboat allowed products to be sent up stream in greater quantities. American products were now being utilized with the new inventions therefore improving the economy. "Cotton was the major force in the American economy for a generation beginning about 1815" (Garraty 08). Mass production of products was made possible with the invention of the cotton gin. Non-skilled laborers were needed to run the machines consequently drawing immigrants to the factories for work.

The non-skilled workers usually consisted of families and were housed by the employer. Workdays were long and hard. Women and children made up half of the workers yet wages were lower than the men. Wages were low and the working condition unsafe often leading to loss of limbs and lives. Unfortunately because the workers were unskilled and had no union their opinions of the unsafe working conditions were left unheard.

The invention of the cotton gin revived slavery. Prior to the invention slavery was dwindling. There were thoughts among the opponents of slavery of grouping freed slaves in another area. The nation was divided with whites that were disgusted with slavery and whites that found it necessary to have slaves. The establishing of the Republic of Liberia, African land purchased by the American colonization Society, failed with only 6,000 black Americans. "As cotton production expanded, the need for labor in the South grew apace" (Garraty and Carnes 0). The price of slaves rose creating shortages in parts of the South. No longer were there ideas of freeing the black slaves in the South. The freed slaves in the North if hired could find work as non- skilled or skilled laborers.

There was resentment, felt by the white's, toward the immigrants and freed black slaves. The Native American settlers felt the immigrants and the freed blacks were stealing their jobs. Immigrants worked for less and were non-discriminatory with jobs. Despite the increase of jobs freed blacks rarely received jobs because they were black and the white workers did not want to work side by side with blacks.

The new frontier, the transportation revolution and the industrial revolution are all effects of human growth. It is impossible to stop the development of population and the side effects of growth. During this great time of discoveries it is unfortunate that not everyone living in America benefited from it. The Native American Indians once again were pushed out of their homes to accommodate the settlers. Slavery was revived because of the revolution continuing the horrible acts of cruelty. Nevertheless, the revolutions were the beginning of America's greatness.

Works cited

Garraty, John A. and Carnes, Mark C. A Short History of the American Nation.

8th ed. Longman, 001

"An outline of American History Westward Expansion and Regional Differences"

Online. Google. 1, Apr. 00.

Keyword new frontier

"Digging of the Erie Canal."

Online. Google 1 Apr. 00

Keyword Erie Canal

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Henry Lawson (Jow Wilson Courtship and Drover's wife)

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In the two stories, "Drover's Wife" and "Joe Wilson Courtship" by Henry Lawson, uses effective techniques to tell the story. Where as in the TV documentary, "Plumpton High Babies", and the recorded performance, "Flying Fox", uses different techniques from Lawson's stories but are also very effective.

Some Lawson's stories are very non-romantic and non-glamorizes, for example the "Drover's Wife". "Drover's Wife" is a story focused on an incident experienced by the women living alone with her children in the bush. One of her child notices a snake, which disappears under the hut, and the mother keeps vigil through the night until the snake reappears. The snake is then dealt with the next day.

The story is set in the outback with many low trees, which is very isolated and basic. It has one setting, the house in outback, with one simple event, the snake, and one main character, Drover's wife.

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Even though "Drover's Wife" is set in one setting, Lawson uses techniques like anecdotes to capture audience's attentions. The use of these flashbacks or anecdotes is to give more information about the Drover's wife and it creates a good characteristic of the women. The small gaps, for example "it must be near one or two' o clock", shows the movement of her mind from the past and present. This anecdote broadens the viewer's perspectives of women life and develops an understanding of her experiences and it also gives breath of the story.

Some gentle humour is used in the story for example handkerchief incident, which soften the wife's character and also make us feel sympathetic towards her. The story is written mostly in the present tense, which create immediacy tension while the drover's wife wait for the snake.

In "Joe Wilson Courtship", the humour is based on a naïve character and the narrator and protagonist of the story is the main character, Joe Wilson. It is the older Joe looking back on the younger man he once was and a story about how he met his wife. The tone of the story suggests the distance in time between the present and the past and also emphasizes the gap between the man he was and the man he is now. Thus the story combines the enthusiasm and innocence of youth with the sarcasm of maturity.

"Joe Wilson Courtship" is a story which goes through a lot of events and 'ease in" to the story of Joe's courtship, which is a big contrast to Lawson's usual style of straight the point. The major theme in the story is the love and romance between Joe and Mary. It shares with us his personal and social anxiety experiences in his courting days.

Several incidents are related which form part of the courtship but it is Joe's awkwardness as a suitor which engages and entertains the audience. The story includes Joe's fight with a fellow worker in defense of Mary. The irony here is that the fellow Joe fights with is not a rival for Mary and it also shows the importance of Mary to Joe. Lawson also included some embarrassing incidents in Joe's attempt to court Mary like the time when Joe was helping Mary with the washing and accidentally offered to hang out her underwear, which embarrassed her. The point of this is to give the story a bit of gentle humour.

Lawson uses series of flashbacks, reminiscences in the story to develop Joe's character as sensitive, romantic and shy. This immediately makes the audience on Joe's side as we sympathy or sympathizes with him. It also gives audiences wider perspectives of Joe Wilson.

"The Flying fox" is a recorded live performance by Pauline McLead. The purpose of the performance informs the audience about Aboriginal culture and also teaching a lesson. The story has one simple theme about a flying fox wanting to be a bird. While the Great Spirit is teaching birds to be birds, the flying fox becomes annoying and rude, insisting he is a bird not a bat. So the Great Spirit then teaches the bat a lesson for his stubborn behaviors by hanging the bat upside down.

"The Flying Fox" story is told in a performance and the speaker is the narrator of the story. The speaker uses their voice to tell the story to create a dramatic performance. The speaker uses high and low pitch tone for different character, which also create humour. Repetition is also used which creates entertainment and humorous atmosphere. For example, "teach me, teach me how to be a bird teach me how to be a bird right now." which emphasize how annoying the flying fox is and also creates the character. Another example of repetition, "Flying fox keeps pestering the Great Spirit to teach him how to fly" which emphasize the difference between the two characters and the argument between them.

Part from the use of voice and repetition, slow and mystical music is used. The effect of music is to introduce the story and mark the ending of the story. It also creates a magical and forest scene, which emphasize the setting of the story.

The TV documentary, "Plumpon High Babies" use different techniques from 'Flying fox" to tell their story.

The theme of the story is based on real human interesting story. It is about two teenage girls, Crystal and Simone, of how they live and cope with their life while already being a mother and attending school. This theme creates curiosity, which make us engage in the story.

The documentary used a camera technique, Fly on the Wallto make us feel not intrusive and feel a part, witnessing the event. The camera shows true images e.g. Simone giving birth to a baby, which create the story more realistic and sense of immediacy. The documentary also uses interviews with the girls, teachers, principles and mother to let us see their point of views. The effect of this one on one create the atmosphere more conversational and sense of intimacy.

The documentary used narrator throughout the show to inform and give us information about situation. The tone of the narrator is objective and neutral.

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Animal Rights

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Eli Rouimi 1/1/00

Animal Testing Argumentative Essay

Animal Testing has led to dramatic improvements in the quality and quantity of life throughout the world. The veracity of this matter is crucial to every individual due to the fact that the experiment that is done on the animals can save lives for the reason that it can bring new medicine to aid people's existence and reproduction. To all the scientists who are interested in animal issues and who think that it's immoral and it should be banned, the next few paragraphs might make you think otherwise. Animal testing offers results that benefit the well being of humans. It can enhance understanding of the group under examination, and amplify the development of cosmetic surgery.

Animal Testing can introduce effects which are beneficial to the health of individuals and animals. Scientific research on animals is excellent since it can help in finding cures for many diseases. All scientists should realize that animal research is brilliant for the reason that we are able to survive through countless diseases, and not expire after every cold. If scientists did not use animals for evolutionary purposes, we wouldn't be able to survive or reproduce. This is what has been keeping us alive until now. The world has accumulated many negative viruses and germs that by this point in history, the human race would have disappeared. Inuit's used to pass away with just one illness. Nowadays we have medicine that can keep us alive and help our bodies fight just about anything. The credit should be given to the animal testing that researchers do. Laboratory exercises, as well as classroom demonstrations involving live animals can be valuable as instructional aids. Every student should understand that every lab and information given, are tools that can improve and continue all the research which can help humans survive. Some people may say that the notion of using animals for human purposes is wrong, immoral and we should try to use another method to be able to get cures to medication. Animals are the closest species or group on earth that resembles the human race. If we want to get cures we need to try out the medicine before giving it out, otherwise researchers can end up killing people instead of saving them. If we decide not to use medicine, everyone would get illnesses form each other and pass them on.

Animal testing can augment understanding concerning the group under examination. More knowledge and resolutions about any topic can be found when we test animals. Several individuals may articulate that it is very selfish to consider only human needs. They would add that animals have just as much rights as humans. Those people don't understand that by testing animals it can be beneficial to the animals themselves. We can help animals survive as well. In addition, we are able to find out more about animals and get more knowledge about the growth of each species, and the possible effects that may arise in the future. Animal testing can be as simple as ringing a bell and feeding a dog, such as in Pavlov's experiment, in order to understand how animals learn. Pavlov and his co-workers "had found that if a piece of food is placed in a dogs mouth, saliva is produced reflexively. If a dog merely sees a piece of food, salivation occurs automatically" (Salem, No date). Those tests help understand behaviour. We as students learn this in an introductory course in phsychology. Every type of testing including how to educate a dog is beneficial. If we didn`t have methods on how to test our animals we would not have pets in our homes, due to fear of getting diseases, and disobediance that we will not want to have. Buy testing an animal on what triggers them like ringing a bell in order for them to sit, gives us sufficient knowledge on how to raise our own kids. If we would test animals this way, many animals would be killed because no one would want to adopt them because of disobedience.

Scientists do not test animals for fun. They will declare it is morally acceptable for human beings to use other animals, but that it is morally wrong to cause them unnecessary or avoidable suffering. "Research is carried out as humanely and ethically as possible. This has rightly resulted in the gradual reduction and elimination of animal testing in many of the research areas mentioned" (European Coalition of Positive People (ECPP), 00). Unfortunately, the testing of an animal can lead to death. Once the animal dies many cosmetic ingredients can come from those animals; Eye liner, lip stick, hair products and much more. Many people will say that using animals for those reasons is morally wrong. However, we are talking about a dead animal that will be thrown away. Many women suffer from breast cancer and need to rebuild their breasts. The method of using animals to create a permanent liner, in order to redesign a nipple can be used. Also, now a day's, women like to decorate their faces with permanent eye liner and permanent lip liner. All of this can bring money for advanced testing, for new cures.

Animal testing has helped the human race survive. We are able to help ourselves to be healthier physically and mentally. For those of you who still think that animal testing is immoral, ask yourselves one simple question. If you had cancer (G-d forbid), would you want to be able to find a cure for it? Countless diseases have been fought with this method, behavior of many species too. And cosmetic surgery has helped many needy patients to completely overcome their sickness. Animal testing is the smartest method of helping the world to be a better place!

. Salem, Robert. Pavlovs history and experiments. No Date. http//webserver.rcds.rye.ny.us/id/Science/Robs%0fantastic%0Pavlov/pavlov_experiment.html

Bibliography1. Europeane Coalition of Positive People (ECPP). Testing on Animals- A patient perspective. . 00. http//www.ecpp.co.uk/animaltest.htm

. Salem, Robert. Pavlovs history and experiments. No Date. http//webserver.rcds.rye.ny.us/id/Science/Robs%0fantastic%0Pavlov/pavlov_experiment.html

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Psychology

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Psychology as defined in Segal and Kegan's book on psychology is the "systematic study of behavior and mental process - including thought and emotion and the factors that influence them". The behavior aspect of the definition deals with the physical actions that us humans undergo, commencing from the second we wake up from sleep every morning. On the other hand, the mental and emotional processes deal with our thoughts and feelings; the way we feel, think of ideas, and interpret them. Also including emotions that we venture through- ranging from anger, happiness, hatred, sadness etc. Psychology is a systematic study because the theories that are reached are not based on myths and cultural beliefs; but based on substantial methods of experimentation; that is scientific proof (Segal and Kagan 4). Within the realm of psychology there are complex issues that are heavily debated by all branches of psychology the Behaviorists, Gestalt Psychologists, Cognitive psychologists, Humanists and the Psychoanalysts. All these psychologists attempt to understand the behavior and mental processes that make us humans. There is a need to understand what shapes our behavior this is where the Nature Nurture debate comes in. Psychologists need to understand the issue of the Nature- Nurture debate before they continue on to explore, understand, and interpret human behavior. They need this understanding because the very basic of human behavior may be grouped into two human behavior based on innate tendencies and behavior that is shaped by our environment. Thus, this is when the debate becomes relevant. As this essay carries on, the nature-nurture debate shall be explained in detail and related to the field of psychology.

The Nature Nurture debate is one of the most continuous, complex issues that have evolved from the field of psychology. This complex issue explores the relationship between Nature and Nurture. Nature deals with the principles of genetics. It starts off with every plant and animal cell possessing a nucleus. The nucleus contains strands called chromosomes and within these is DNA, which provides the chemical basis of heredity. Along the chromosomes are genes, which are DNA that have some control on development. These genes can be said to be the basis for the innate behaviors (California Wadsworth 57).

On the other hand, Nurture deals with how the environment shapes human behavior. The British Philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke take an empirical that is, experimental approach that focuses on experiences as the basis for behavior. Just as the behaviorist, B.F Skinner explored the idea that if a behavior is positively reinforced it reoccurs, but if it was punished- that is negatively reinforced, than behavior wont reoccur (Tooby and Cosmides ).

The Nature Nurture debate is also known to be the genetic/environmental debate controversy. The debate can be shown using examples. The first example is in the case where a baby human and a baby monkey are put in the perfect environment. Even though they grow up together, there will be still some differences between them. These differences could only be of a genetic nature, which shows the Nature aspect of the debate. The second example is with identical twins. If one of the twins is excluded from the environment for a couple of years, the differences in behavior between the twins in seclusion with the twin that was exposed to the environment will be great. Simply because the secluded twin was not influenced by the same environment as the exposed twin. This example shows the nature side of the debate (Fujita 1). Yet, "the way we develop is a combined product of our genes and our environment. If two people develop differently, that difference could be a result of a difference in their genes or in their environment" (California Wadsworth 1).

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The Nature-Nurture debate is an issue that is extremely relevant to psychologists. The complete understanding of this debate would ensure that psychologists fully understand the ways of human behavior. The relevance of the debate to psychology could be explained with some issues that stem from the nature-nurture debate. Homosexual behavior has been associated with brains structures, hormones, and genes. In 11, a neurobiologist S. Le Vay found that within the brain structures of about nineteen known homosexual men that died of AIDS, the hypothalamus had decreased in size. Thus it led the neurobiologist to believe that homosexuality might be innate, that is present in human genes. Furthermore, a research team of L.S Allen and R.A Gorski reported that the cluster of nerve fibers between the hemispheres of the brain, the anterior commissure, was larger in the brain of about thirty-four homosexuals. This would lead to the behaviors of stuttering, being dyslexic, and being left-handed.

The above studies are related to psychology in the sense that physiologists for example would explore the aspect of the hypothalamus and the nerve fibers and use that to further interpret human behavior. This would be in accordance to the nature side of the debate.

According to the article by Thomas E. Schmidt, homosexual behavior can stem from the early stages of development. Usually, at an early stage, children move closer towards the same-sex parent for comfort. The psychoanalysts know this as the Oedipus complex. Normally, as the child grows, the desire for the same-sex parent gets extinguished. However, in the case of those who eventually display homosexual behavior tend to act upon that same-sex desire. The branch of psychology that would deal with this aspect of the debate would be the psychoanalysts, so that they can further their observations of the behavior of children towards their parents. This theory would represent the nurture side of the debate.

Another example is that of the Monozygotic Twins- these are twins that are identical. A study was performed that observed monozygotic twins that grew up apart from each other. Oddly, enough the twins still shared certain behaviors such as

· Wearing seven rings on their fingers

· Being habitual gigglers

· Being afraid of closed places, compulsive counters, and walk into the ocean backward

· Amuse themselves by sneezing loudly in elevators for amusement

(California Wadsworth 60)

This study shows how some behaviors are innate, a part of one's nature. Psychologists would use this study to further interpret human behavior and determine the root of it all. The complex issue of the Nature- Nurture debate is still ongoing. Psychologists are performing studies to provide them with answers to the everlasting question- what determines human behavior, nature or nurture? So far studies have shown that behavior is not caused by only one factor, rather nature and nurture are intertwined to produce human behavior. Some behaviors of humans are due to genetics, while other behaviors are the result of one's immediate environment. This debate is extremely important to the realm of psychology because the primary goal of psychologists is to be able to understand and predict human behavior. This goal needs the understanding of how nature and nurture are essentials in predicting human behavior.

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Case study on Avon

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ANDREA JUNG'S MAKEOVER OF AVON PRODUCTS INC.

1.0 Case Synopsis

On Andrea Jung's commencement as CEO in 1 she faced a number of strategic problems at Avon - there was no superior strategy for the company to initiate and thus no competent implementation and execution of this strategy. This lead to a number of symptoms such as poor image, slow growth and a decline in sales, which was a direct link to a vague strategic vision, lack of innovative technology and lack of leadership. With a new strategic vision implemented by Jung, Avon was able to move into the 1st Century with a clear view to compete with other Cosmetics Fragrances and Toiletries (CFT) companies in the same industry.

.0 Primary and Secondary Problems

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.1 Lack of a well defined strategic vision

Avon did not have a well-defined strategic vision which stated who are we, where are we going and how we are going to get there. Without this vision for the company, employees had no sense of organizational purpose and no motivation and as a result Avon's image declined. Many customers commented that Avon's products were 'dull' and 'not for me'. Alongside this, were comments regarding poor product packaging, distribution and advertising campaigns. All of these were symptoms of a lack of strategic vision and clear-cut objectives.

. Lack of innovative technology Managerial problem

A problem that was evident for Avon was the inability of the company to change with the new technological world, which was fast emerging. As times were changing Avon did not implement vital technological processes that could manage the firms inventory and sales more efficiently rather Avon continued with onerous paperwork which consequently lead to mishandling customer orders. This contributed to losing sales as Avon were unable to sell products to busy and workingwomen which as a consequence lead to the slow growth which occurred in 18 - . The inability to move with changing times illustrates a lack of strategy on the management's behalf to meet their objective outcomes.

. Lack of leadership

A third problem evident at Avon was the lack of leadership displayed by all management. Avon had no clear cut direction that could be facilitated to staff at all levels, the objectives seemed unattainable and there was incompetent implementation of strategies. This lack of leadership on the management's behalf left Avon without being able to release a new product into the market in over a decade. Without correct leadership, advertising campaigns and product innovation could not be successful nor could Avon remain competitive with other companies within the same industry.

.0 Recommendations

.1 Clear Cut Strategic Vision (Image Enhancement)

The strategic vision developed by Andrea Jung incorporates many useful functions for example the vision specifies where the company is headed (into fitness and health), it provides long-term direction and illustrates to customers and staff the type of company Avon wants to become. However as Avon is still in the implementation phase this vision may open the door to many products that are unrelated to beauty products and may place a burden on the company in the future unless Avon can remain competitive in this area by vigorously keeping up to date with new innovative products. It is in my view that for Avon to expand the company horizontally they should enter into a market for men as it is evident in today's society that many men are interested in hair and beauty products based on competitors enter into this market. With a correct image and advertising campaign Avon should be able to enter into the market for men's products thus stimulating the growth of the company as a result.

. Clear Objectivity

Andrea Jung's Financial and Strategic Objectives are in line with her strategic vision for Avon. All objectives are future orientated, are measurable and attainable and are specific in meeting her vision. This motivates staff as they are aware of the new products available and they know what is expected of them, which can encourage growth for the company. Through my analysis of Avon's objectives it is evident that Avon will experience an increase in sales and growth due to the introduction of the erepresentation scheme, which targets one of their main problems selling products to the busy and workingwomen of society. Avon needs to ensure that they keep up to date with the latest technology and use the Internet to their advantage in promoting and gaining sales in the future as failure to do so could be detrimental to their strategic vision and implementation of their strategic plans.

. Leadership (Implementation of Strategic Vision)

It is evident that a lack of management leadership in Avon lead to disappointing results in 1. Andrea Jung's new vision for Avon, created strategy elements that were well matched to the changes that have occurred in the cosmetics industry. The strategies are sensible and are related to what Avon's competitors are doing in the marketplace, which in turn will lead to Avon creating a competitive advantage and thus an improved financial performance. My analysis of Avon indicates that Andrea Jung and Charles Perrin leadership in developing a good sustainable strategy for Avon and Jung's implementation of this has resulted in increased revenue and growth for the company. The use of the Internet and newly introduced products seem to be doing well as do the sales leadership program with an increased number of employees in 000. However I recommend that Avon should prioritize its strategic objectives in an effort to keep up with its strategic vision as Avon could find itself in the same position they were in before Jung's appointment as CEO.

Overall my research has shown that Andrea Jung's efforts in rejuvenating Avon should be commended as all her strategic and financial objectives are outlined within her vision for Avon. Avon needs to continue to expand globally, especially those, which are not being accentuated by competitors. Avon also needs to be wary of having a broad product line as by introducing too many new innovative products could be costly to the firm and Avon also may lose sight of their vision of a company that 'best understands the products of women'.

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Is adolescence necessarily a period of "storm and stress".

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Is adolescence necessarily a period of "storm and stress

The word adolescent comes from the Latin adolescere, meaning to "grow into maturity". To many people it means the time when they become an adult. Everybody goes through adolescence, how they experience it is a different matter. The question that is being asked "is adolescence necessarily a time of storm and stress". In this essay there are many different points of view. There are arguments for and against; they range from body image to identity to culture to independence.

As an adolescent, the body undergoes many changes, not only does the adolescent's physical appearance change dramatically in terms of height and weight, but he or she begins to experience the physical and hormonal changes leading to sexual maturation. Evidence suggests that up until these changes occur, children are quite happy with their body' and do not really care about their body image. (Jersild 15, in Gross 1 pg 1). Arnoff and Damianopoulos (16) showed that adolescents who were just over the age of adolescence took more notice of their body' than forty year old people. This maybe because adolescents spend more time looking at themselves. (Arnoff and Damianopoulos 16 in Gross). On the other hand, when it comes to perceived physical attraction and self esteem, physical appearance matters what ever their age. (S. Harter, 1 p 144). However for female adolescents, body image can become quite important, they may become obsessed with their weight, which could lead to anorexia nervosa or bulimia. Advertising today could well be to blame for many of these slimming disorders, as they seem to give out the message that women are all built very tall and slim. Products on the market seem to be able to transform a plain looking girl into beautiful young women. In other words advertising is responsible for presenting the perfect female, which many adolescents females will model themselves on. Support for this view comes from a study by (Garner et al 180). (Garner et al - 180 in Gross). On the other hand male adolescents today have as much pressure to conform to the stereotype male that advertising encourages. The adolescent males are encouraged by advertising to wear nice clothes, wear makeup and use an aftershave that is irresistible to women. If a male adolescent has high self- esteem then he may not feel the need to conform to the advertised stereotype. He may choose to have his own identity.

Identity is one of the problems, which may cause an adolescent to suffer "storm and stress". An adolescent may be thinking more about the future and what they want to do with their lives. Erikson felt that to be a fully developed adult an adolescent should choose their roles in life and stick to them. (Erikson, in Psychology A Level 000).

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However people now do not tend to stay in the same career all their lives. Erikson' idea of a psychosocial moratorium gives an adolescent time to try a career or lifestyle out before they are fully committed, therefore if the adolescent has tried various careers and lifestyles they should go on to have a good adult identity. (Erikson, in Gross 1). However some adolescents do not have a choice in life, they have to accept the lifestyle and career they have, as they do not have the self-esteem to go out and do something different. However Simmons and Rosenberg (175) found that adolescents had lower self - esteem at the beginning of the adolescent stage therefore this may not really obstruct them from making bad life or career choices, As most career and lifestyle choices are not made at the beginning of adolescence. (Simmons and Rosenberg 175) Coleman and Hendry (10) also agreed that adolescents do not have low self-esteem at the beginning of adolescence and if they do, it is only a small amount of adolescents that have a bad self- image. Adolescents tend to avoid identity crises by using what Coleman calls the "Focal theory" rather than dealing with problems all at once they tend to deal with different problems at different times. (Coleman 174 in Gross 1). An adolescent's identity could well be brought about by the experiences and personality they have.

As a child becomes an adult, their parents may find it hard to let their children have their own independence. Adolescents may not really want to cut the parental ties, but the adults on the other hand may have problems with their child becoming independent. (Bandura 17 in Gross 1). A Childs personality may decide whether they are going to be independent or not. Up until the child starts puberty they do not really have any major problems, but when they start the puberty stage their identification with same sex parent is weakened, but their dependence on the opposite sex parent strengthens. (Freud and daughter in Gross 1). On the other hand a teenager could cut all parental ties and become more dependent on their friends, as their friends could be going through similar experiences and their parents may describe their behaviour as "just going through a stage"(Offer et al 181, in Gross). However if an adolescent is going through a family crisis at the time of puberty for example, a divorce between their parents, then the pressure on the teenager will intensify. (Rutter et al 176 in Gross). This may cause the teenager to become more independent as they may resent their parents, for getting divorced, and leave home. The family in which and adolescent is living in at the time of puberty, can make a difference to how a teenager handles puberty, in many countries they celebrate the coming of puberty.

In different parts of the world the transition between childhood and adulthood varies greatly. Erikson recognised that mothers from different cultures must teach trusting in ways that are consistent with their traditions. Studies by Margaret Mead have shown that boys and girls in Samoa did not have the same difficulties as western teenagers. Samoan teenagers growing sexuality is dealt with openly and they are not made to feel ashamed, unlike western teenagers. (Mead in Psychology A Level 000). However Freeman (18) criticised Meads theory, he thought that Mead had not been close enough to the Samoan's to get a real picture. Freeman gave evidence that Meads theories were not accurate, he had spoken to one of the Samoan women and she had admitted lying to Mead. (Freeman 18 in Psychology A level 000). If becoming an adult was made a special occasion in all cultures, then this in it self may help to ease the passage of childhood to adulthood.

There are many conclusions to whether adolescence is a time of "storm and stress". From psychological stages to physiological stage, in an ideal world a child would reach puberty and go in and out of adolescence with the support of their family, with no crisis. However as this is not an ideal world, the main conclusion would be that adolescence is a stage that everyone has to go through, but how it is handled depends on the individual teenager and their environment.

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