What is an Operating System?

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Operating System

a program that acts as an intermediate between a user and the computer hardware

controls all computers resource (memory, harddisk(s), ...)

create a base for user level application so that user-level programmer dont have to worry about the hardware facility, e.g. in using printf.

Components inside Operating System

(Four Basic Components)

Process Management (Scheduler)

Creation and deletion of both user and system processes

Scheduling of the processes

Keep track the status of the processes

Provide channel for interprocess communication

Memory Management

Memory allocation and deallocation

Program memory space protection

Paging

Swapping

Virtual Memory

File System

Disk space management

Maintain directory structure

Enforce security

Control read and write access

Device Drivers, I/O

User Level vs. System Level

When a user-level program wants to get kernel services, it will issues a system call. (kernel call or supervisor call)

Next, the instruction will switch the process from user level to kernel level. (system level)

Here, the operating system will take over the control flow.

After examining the parameter given to the system call, the system call will be run.

Finally, the control is passed back to the user-level program and i.e. from kernel mode back to user level

You may look at /usr/src/linux/include/asm/unistd.h to see the listings of system calls

What is Kernel? Monolithic vs microkernel?

Generally, the operating system, as a running program, is called the kernel and have the four basic components as shown above.

A trend in modern OS is to implement more function in user level and leave a minimal kernel. (microkernel)

In Linux, all the components are kept inside kernel and so, it is not a microkernel structure. However, it is now moving to modules hierarchy, e.g. fs, mm, ...

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Television Is The Most Dangerous Force In The World Today

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Nowadays television programming is violent. Children watch an average of 4 hours of televison daily. Thtas a big problem because there are many acts of televised violence, including depictions of murder. Killing are commonly depicted as an acceptable solution to problems. For example, films show that problems are solved when the bad guys are all dead.

Studies by George Gerber, at the University of Pennsylvania, have shown that childrens television shows contain about 0 wiolent acts each hour.

Television can be an influence in developing value systems and shaping behavior.

Violence on TV makes many Childrens effects

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Children become immune to the violence, so they are less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others.

They may be more fearful of the world around them, and think it is a dangerous place.

They imitate the violence they observe on TV and accept it as a way to solve problems.

Children who watch the violent shows be have more aggressively.

We live in an era where both parents are often working and children have unsupervised time, so they can be in a serious problem. Parents sould spend time with their children and know what they are doing or watching.

The amount of time children watch TV, should be moderated because they are missing thime to do something else like reading, playing with friends and developing hobbies.

Violence has always been with us and probably always will be, but we can protect our selves of it.

We can pay attention to the programs our children are watching, set limits on the amount of time they spend with TV and block the channels which contains violence.

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The Necklace

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The story I chose for the project was The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant. I did an interpretation of the story. I drew the diamond necklace that Madame Loisel had to pay off. Madame worked herself to the bone for ten years trying to pay off the debt used to pay for the necklace she lost at the ball. Loisel is a poor pretty woman who thinks she deserves a better life than the one that she already has; to "please, to be envied, to be charming, to be sought after." The shame that she feels about her own financial and social status is something that I could understand. The difference between Loisel and me is that I would not make the sacrifices for one night of pleasure like Loisel and her husband did. The necklace is the object in which she eventually loses and try's to replace. I drew the replaced necklace. Instead of hiding the truth and facing the music, which was harder to do she just lied. Inside of one of the diamonds I drew Loisel face after paying off the debt. From far away the diamond necklace is beautiful but then you look closer and find the truth. The truth is that Loisel's dishonesty took away her beauty and ten years. I can relate to Loisel. Living in the 1st century as a young adult there are pressures in life. I have felt that I need money, brand name clothing, nice car and jewels to fit in.

My interpretation of the story is that Loisel does not believe her own possessions to be valuable and believes that people of her social class assume things are only valuable if they are expensive. She fails to realize that objects only have value as long as someone prizes them. She spends so much time convincing herself that possessions only have value if they are expensive that she loses sight of the real value of things. This turn out to be a serious error on her past. Maupassant asserts that the people who survive the misfortunes of life are somehow stronger and therefore actually benefit from their adversities.

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Film Critique on Macbeth

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Polanski's version of Macbeth is well interpretated and directed. The film is easy to follow and keeps the audience entertained.

He has an appropriate cast of actors who do a great acting job; bringing the characters to life and making the audience feel for these characters. Their accents are well suited and create the Elizabethan era. He chooses distinct costumes to show the level of importance of each character, making us perceive them in a certain way. For example, the witches' black attire is mysterious, hideous and evil. Another example is Polanski's choice on Lady Macbeth being naked in the scene where she is reliving Duncan's murder to illustrate her vulnerability. In the previous scenes she is portrayed as a strong character, unsexed, and wearing extravagant clothing. But in the end we see she is still human and feminine.

The music, lighting and special effects set the atmosphere and tone for the play, helping capture the audience's attention. The digestic and non digestic sound played during the witches' spells creates a scary feeling, producing a more realistic picture. The special effects also add to the horrific feeling making the scenes more terrifying and powerful. This film's mood is intensified by darkness, going from scary to wicked.

Polanski is very successful in creating his intended effect. The sound, music, and special effects are appropriate and set the audience into the right frame of mind. The audience is engaged by the constant change in costumes and actors. Polanski follows a different order than Shakespeare's Macbeth. This allows the film to be straightforward and less confusing. For example, the scene when the witches are casting their spell (act 4, scene 1), is combined with the scene where Macbeth goes to see the witches (act 4, scene ). Most of the editing dissolves. This is adequate, since it is easier to go from scene to scene. We also know when one of the characters has a soliloquy because he is aside and the camera is at eye level.

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Notes on Holden from the catcher and the rye and huck finn

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Holden Caulfield Holden is six feet two and has grown six and a half inches in the last year. Hes a heavy smoker and wears his hair in a crew cut. People mistake him for being 1 even though hes 16 and has a headful of gray hair. Holdens appearance is that of an adolescent whos not just too young or too old for his age, but somehow both at once. Holden has just failed out of Pencey Prep. The only subject he passed was English, as he reads a lot on his own. The novel follows Holdens last few days at Pencey and the events that happen afterward, which lead to his hospitalization and psychoanalysis. The Catcher in the Rye is the story of Holden Caulfield during these crucial days, as told by Holden.

Huckleberry Finn Main character of the book. He is an illegitimate child who runs away from his adopted family to be free of society and civilization. Huck is Tom Sawyers sidekick, and Tom is Hucks best friend. Throughout the book, Huck journeys down the Mississippi River with Jim, Miss Watsons slave. Together they have many adventures. They hide out along the river, are almost killed by robbers on a wrecked boat, and meet two con artists who call themselves the King and the Duke. These two crooks nearly get Huck and Jim tarred and feathered by performing bad plays. Because of the King and the Duke, Huck gets involved in a plot to steal Mr. Wilks money. Finally, Huck manages to rescue Jim out of slavery with Toms help. Through spending so much time with Jim, and some of his other experiences along the river, Huck reveals a strong sense of humanity.

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Free Arts bro

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Ever since it was founded Waitakere City has been called 'The Gem' of Auckland City. It is a role model for other cities wanting to represent New Zealand's clean and green identity. Although most people don't realize, it is one of the world's most beautiful cities which is why I selected Waitakere City as an aspect of living in New Zealand. I have mainly focused on Waitakere City's contribution to New Zealand's natural environment.

Waitakere city plays an important part in the conservation of New Zealand's environment. I have found information from the internet, local newsletters and council based newsletters that there are various groups within the community which aim to protect and conserve the local wildlife and fauna. Various projects are being undertaken by these groups. Some of which include, 'war of weeds' (a project to eliminate infested areas of bush), The Green Network and Operation Spring Clean (This is the residents of Waitakere city joining together and tidying up the local areas including Titirangi, Piha and Karekare beaches, Te Pai, Cranwell and Parrs Parks and many other main roads, beaches and reserves) so Waitakere City doesn't just look after the environment and wildlife, but gets the local residents, schools and the rest of the community involved in conserving New Zealand's natural environment.

Waitakere City represents New Zealand's clean and green identity in a whole range of ways. I gathered information from local newsletters, residents, websites and pamphlets about the city. More than 5% of the Waitakere Ecological District is covered in Vegetation, which I believe is more than sufficient for the green aspect. And representing the clean aspect is the local communities, with groups such as the Keep Waitakere Beautiful Trust, Kiwi Clean-up Crew and many more. The city is regularly cleaned and kept in tip top condition at all times. With this infomation there is no doubt that Waitakere City represents New Zealand's clean and green identity, but also sets the standard for being clean and green.

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King of the Flights

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This antithesis between the awful certitude of will-driven instinct and the fancy-prone irresolution of human reason provides the animating tension of Hawk Roosting. The hooked head and hooked feet of the predator represent, like the human brain, organic objectifications of the rapacious will, but they are free from the falsifying dream that debilitates the brain and causes it to send delayed or faulty commands to the extremities by which it survives. One aspect of this dream is the tendency to construe surroundings aesthetically rather than strategically. Phenomena that we find pleasant or exhilarating - the high trees. . . . the airs buoyancy and the suns ray - are of advantage to the hawk in its hunt for prey. Schopenhauer finds enormous value in absorbed aesthetic contemplation precisely because it releases the contemplator, for the moment, from the stringent urgencies of will, enabling him or her to become the pure subject of will-less knowing and thus to be taken out of the stream of time and of all other relations (World 1 17). Hughess poem as aesthetic artifact embodies this phenomenon, but simultaneously subverts it by explicitly reinstating the ascendancy of the anticontemplative, aggressively immediate will. This is a point to which I will return later in considering Hughess artistic development in a Schopenhauerian light.

This antithesis between the awful certitude of will-driven instinct and the fancy-prone irresolution of human reason provides the animating tension of Hawk Roosting. The hooked head and hooked feet of the predator represent, like the human brain, organic objectifications of the rapacious will, but they are free from the falsifying dream that debilitates the brain and causes it to send delayed or faulty commands to the extremities by which it survives. One aspect of this dream is the tendency to construe surroundings aesthetically rather than strategically. Phenomena that we find pleasant or exhilarating - the high trees. . . . the airs buoyancy and the suns ray - are of advantage to the hawk . This is a point to which I will return later in considering Hughess artistic development in a Schopenhauerian light.

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